Género de periodistas e influencia: efectos sobre la gravedad percibida del acoso sexual
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1631Palabras clave:
periodismo, influencia social, persuasión, género, género de periodistas, acoso sexual, violencia de género, experimentosResumen
¿Puede la cobertura periodística de temas de género afectar las opiniones de sus lectores y promover así cambio social? En este proceso, ¿son los periodistas hombres y mujeres igual de influyentes? Para responder a esto, se condujo un experimento en el que se manipuló el género percibido de un/a periodista que habla sobre acoso sexual, para medir su efecto en las opiniones de los lectores sobre la gravedad de este problema social. Los resultados indican que los hombres son más influyentes, resultado que se mantiene significativo entre las participantes mujeres, quienes también sienten más compasión por las víctimas de acoso sexual.
Citas
Acevedo, D., Biaggii, Y., & Borges, G. (2009). Violencia de género en el trabajo: acoso sexual y hostigamiento laboral (Gender-based violence at work: sexual harassment and workplace harassment). Revista Venezolana de Estudios de La Mujer, 14(32), 163-182. Retrieved from http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_vem/article/view/2109
Andelsman, V. & Mitchelstein, E. (2018). If it Bleeds it Leads: Coverage of violence against women and sexual and reproductive health in Argentina from 1995 to 2015. Journalism Practice, 13(4), 458-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1504628
Armstrong, C. L. & McAdams, M. J. (2009). Blogs of information: How gender cues and individual motivations influence perceptions of credibility. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01448.x
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2018). Everyone’s business: Fourth National Survey on Sexual Harassment in Australian Workplaces (PDF file). Retrieved from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/AHRC_WORKPLACE_SH_2018.pdf
Baird, C. L., Bensko, N. L., Bell, P. A., Viney, W., & Woody, W. D. (1995). Gender influence on perceptions of hostile environment sexual harassment. Psychological Reports, 77(1), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.79
Barrancos, D. (2014). Los caminos del feminismo en la Argentina: historia y derivas (Feminism in Argentina: history and drifts). Voces En El Fénix, 32, 6-13. Retrieved from http://www.vocesenelfenix.com/sites/default/files/pdf/1_6.pdf
Batson, C. D., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes, and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1656-1666. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237647
Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., … & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 105-118. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1997-02176-009
Beard, M. (2014). La voz pública de las mujeres (Women’s public voice). Letras Libres, (151), 6-12. Retrieved from https://www.letraslibres.com/mexico-espana/la-voz-publica-las-mujeres
Benoit, W. L. & Strathman, A. (2004). Source credibility and the elaboration likelihood model. In J. S. Seiter & R. H. Gass (Eds.), Readings in persuasion, social influence, and compliance gaining (pp. 95-111). Boston: Pearson.
Berger, J., Rosenholtz, S. J., & Zelditch Jr., M. (1980). Status organizing processes. Annual Review of Sociology, 6(1), 479-508. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.06.080180.002403
Biber, J. K., Doverspike, D., Baznik, D., Cober, A., & Ritter, B. A. (2002). Sexual harassment in online communications: Effects of gender and discourse medium. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102753685863
Bohner, G., Ruder, M., & Erb, H.-P. (2002). When expertise backfires: Contrast and assimilation effects in persuasion. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 495-519. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466602321149858
Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, language, and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 941-951. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.941
Carli, L. L. (1999). Gender, interpersonal power, and social influence. Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00106
Carli, L. L. (2001). Gender and social influence. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 725-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00238
CEPAL. (n.d.). Observatorio de Igualdad de Género de América Latina y el Caribe. Feminicidio (Gender Equality Observatory. Femicide or feminicide). Retrieved from https://oig.cepal.org/es/indicadores/feminicidio
Chaiken, S. (1987). The heuristic model of persuasion. In M. P. Zanna, J. M. Olson, & C. P. Herman (Eds.), Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium Volume 5 (pp. 3–-39). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Chaiken, S. & Maheswaran, D. (1994). Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing: effects of source credibility, argument ambiguity, and task importance on attitude judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(3), 460-473. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.460
Chodorow, N. J. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Clifford, S., Jewell, R. M., & Waggoner, P. D. (2015). Are samples drawn from Mechanical Turk valid for research on political ideology? Research & Politics, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015622072
Contreras, J. M., Bott, S., Guedes, A., & Dartnall, E. (2010). Sexual Violence in Latin America and the Carribbean: A Desk Review (PDF file). Retrieved from https://www.svri.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2016-04-13/SexualViolenceLACaribbean.pdf
Costello, C. (2017, November 27). Beware the sexual harassment backlash. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/
De Judicibus, M. & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Blaming the target of sexual harassment: Impact of gender role, sexist attitudes, and work role. Sex Roles, 44(7–8), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011926027920
Dillon, H. M., Adair, L. E., & Brase, G. L. (2015). A threatening exchange: Gender and life history strategy predict perceptions and reasoning about sexual harassment. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.002
Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Emmers-Sommer, T. M., Triplett, L., Pauley, P., Hanzal, A., & Rhea, D. (2005). The impact of film manipulation on men’s and women’s attitudes toward women and film editing. Sex Roles, 52(9-10), 683-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3735-5
Falbo, T., Hazen, M. D., & Linimon, D. (1982). The costs of selecting power bases or messages associated with the opposite sex. Sex Roles, 8(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287919
Galesic, M. & Tourangeau, R. (2007). What is sexual harassment? It depends on who asks! Framing effects on survey responses. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(2), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1336
Gamboa, D. I. G., García, A. A. E., & Winton, A. (2018). Violencias hacia mujeres transgénero trabajadoras sexuales en el marco de la lucha por el reconocimiento de su identidad de género (Transgender Sex Workers in Chiapas: The Different Forms of Violence in the Process of Construction and Reaffirmation of Their Gender Identity). Sociológica México, 94(33), 139-168. Retrieved from http://www.sociologicamexico.azc.uam.mx/index.php/Sociologica/article/view/1401
Gerrard, M., Breda, C., & Gibbons, F. X. (1990). Gender effects in couples’ sexual decision making and contraceptive use. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(6), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00421.x
Gherardi, N. (2016). Otras formas de violencia contra las mujeres que reconocer, nombrar y visibilizar. Serie Asuntos de Género nº 141 (Other forms of violence against women to be recognized, named and made visible. Women’s affairs series nº 141). Santiago, Chile: Naciones Unidas. Retrieved from
https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/40754/4/S1601170_es.pdf
Goldman, S. K. (2014). The Victim Paradox: How Portrayals of Suffering Affect Attitudes about Gay People and Gay Rights (Data file). Retrieved from http://www.tessexperiments.org/data/goldman507.html
Hartsock, N. C. (1983). The feminist standpoint: Developing the ground for a specifically feminist historical materialism. In S. Harding & M. B. Hintikka (Eds.), Discovering reality (pp. 283-310). Dordrecht: Springer.
Hayes, R. M., Lorenz, K., & Bell, K. A. (2013). Victim blaming others: Rape myth acceptance and the just world belief. Feminist Criminology, 8(3), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085113484788
Heesacker, M., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality, 51(4), 653-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00872.x
Herrera, M. C., Herrera, A., & Expósito, F. (2014). Stop Harassment! Men’s reactions to victims’ confrontation. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 6(2), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.06.006
Hovland, C. I. & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1086/266350
Huddy, L. & Cassese, E. (2013). On the complex and varied political effects of gender. In R. Y. Shapiro & L. R. Jacobs (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media (pp. 471-487). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huff, C. & Tingley, D. (2015). “Who are these people?” Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents. Research & Politics, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015604648
Kenig, S. & Ryan, J. (1986). Sex differences in levels of tolerance and attribution of blame for sexual harassment on a university campus. Sex Roles, 15(9-10), 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288230
Khomami, N. (2017, October 20). #MeToo: how a hashtag became a rallying cry against sexual harassment. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com
Lakoff, R. (2004). Language and woman’s place: Text and commentaries (Vol. 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leach, F. & Sitaram, S. (2007). Sexual harassment and abuse of adolescent schoolgirls in South India. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(3), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197907081262
LeMaire, K. L., Oswald, D. L., & Russell, B. L. (2016). Labeling sexual victimization experiences: the role of sexism, rape myth acceptance, and tolerance for sexual harassment. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00148
Mahoney, M. R. (1994). Victimization or oppression? Women’s lives, violence, and agency. In M. A. Fineman & R. Mykitiuk (Eds.), The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse (pp. 59-92). New York: Routledge.
McLean, I. A. (2013). The male victim of sexual assault. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.006
Minué, P. (2019). Incidencia del feminismo como movimiento social en los presidencialismos latinoamericanos (Incidence of feminism as a social movement in Latin American presidentialism). Miríada: Investigación En Ciencias Sociales, 10(14), 281-288. Retrieved from https://p3.usal.edu.ar/index.php/miriada/article/view/4633
Morley, D. D. & Walker, K. B. (1987). The role of importance, novelty, and plausibility in producing belief change. Communications Monographs, 54(4), 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758709390243
Morrison, T. (Ed.). (1992). Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. New York: Pantheon.
Mutz, D. C. & Nir, L. (2010). Not Necessarily the News: Does Fictional Television Influence Real-World Policy Preferences? Mass Communication and Society, 13(2), 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430902813856
Navarro-Guzmán, C., Ferrer-Pérez, V. A., & Bosch-Fiol, E. (2016). El acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario: análisis de una escala de medida (Sexual Harassment in the University: Analysis of a Measurement Scale). Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 371-382. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy.15-2.asau
Newcombe, N. & Arnkoff, D. B. (1979). Effects of speech style and sex of speaker on person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), 1293-1303. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1293
Oakley, A. & Mitchell, J. (Eds.). (1997). Who’s afraid of feminism? Seeing through the backlash. New York: The New Press.
Oliver, E. (2011). Women’s choices shattered: Impact of gender violence on universities. In S. Jackson, I. Malcolm, & K. Thomas (Eds.), Gendered Choices: Learning, Work, Identities in Lifelong Learning (pp. 69-83). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0647-7_6
Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2013). Acoso sexual en el trabajo y masculinidad. Exploración con hombres de la población general: Centroamérica y República Dominicana (Sexual harassment at work and masculinity. Exploration with men from the general population: Central America and the Dominican Republic). San José, Costa Rica: Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/---sro-san_jose/documents/publication/wcms_210223.pdf
Peoples, F. M. (2008). Street harassment in Cairo: a symptom of disintegrating social structures. The African Anthropologist, 15(1&2), 1-20. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/aa/article/viewFile/77244/67691
Pereyra, L. P., Gutiérrez, A., & Mitsuko-Nerome, M. (2018). La inseguridad en el transporte público del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Experiencias y percepciones de mujeres y varones (Insecurity in Public Transport in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. Experiences and Perceptions of Women and Men). Territorios, (39), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/territorios/a.6310
Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argumentbased persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(5), 847-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.5.847
Raj, A., Johns, N., & Jose, R. (2019). Racial/ethnic disparities in sexual harassment in the United States, 2018. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519842171
Realphe, S. P. M., Ferrand, P. A. S., González, L. A., & Cedeño, C. L. V. (2015). ¿“Sutilezas” de la discriminación y la violencia basada en el género? Situación de los y las estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado de una facultad de medicina en Bogotá DC (Subtleties of discrimination and violence based on gender? Situation of courses of grade and postgrade students of a Medicine Faculty in Bogotá D.C.). Revista Med, 23(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.18359/rmed.1327
Reguero, P. (2019, January 26). Hermana, yo sí te creo: cómo llevar la perspectiva de las víctimas de la calle a los juzgados (Sister, I believe you: how to take the victims’ perspective from the street to the courts). El Salto. Retrieved from https://www.elsaltodiario.com
Respers France, L. (2017, October 17). #YoTambién: las redes sociales se llenan de historias personales de acoso y abuso sexual (#YoTambién: social networks are filled with personal stories of sexual harassment and abuse). CNN en español. Retrieved from https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/
Rhoades, M. J. R. (1979). A social psychological investigation of the differential influence of male and female advocates of nontraditional sex roles (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://liblink.bsu.edu/catkey/264670
Roberts, D. E. (1999). Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. New York: Vintage Books.
Russell, B. L. & Trigg, K. Y. (2004). Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Sex Roles, 50(7), 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
Segato, R. L. (2016). La guerra contra las mujeres (War against women). Madrid: Traficantes de sueños.
Sexual Harassment Policy Office. (n.d.). Myths and Misconceptions. Retrieved from https://harass.stanford.edu/be-informed/sexual-harassment-myths
Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G., & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.01.005
Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 data brief–updated release. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/60893
Stark, A. (1998). Combating the backlash: How Swedish women won the war. In A. Oakley & J. Mitchell (Eds.), Who’s afraid of feminism? Seeing through the backlash (pp. 224–244). New York: The New Press.
Swim, J., Borgida, E., Maruyama, G., & Myers, D. G. (1989). Joan McKay versus John McKay: Do gender stereotypes bias evaluations? Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.409
Swirsky, J. M. & Angelone, D. J. (2014). Femi-nazis and bra burning crazies: A qualitative evaluation of contemporary beliefs about feminism. Current Psychology, 33(3), 229-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9208-7
Sykes, S. (2018, February 10). #Mosquemetoo: Women denounce sexual harassment during Hajj pilgrimage. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com
Topa Cantisano, G., Depolo, M., & Morales Domínguez, J. F. (2007). Acoso laboral: meta-análisis y modelo integrador de sus antecedentes y consecuencias (Labor harassment: meta-analysis and integrating model of its antecedents and consequences). Psicothema, 19(1), 88–94. Retrieved from http://www.psicothema.com/psicothema.asp?id=3332
Wang, X. & Arpan, L. M. (2008). Effects of race and ethnic identity on audience evaluation of HIV public service announcements. The Howard Journal of Communications, 19(1), 44-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170701802019
Wirtz, A. L., Poteat, T. C., Malik, M., & Glass, N. (2018). Gender-based violence against transgender people in the United States: a call for research and programming. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018757749
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Italy: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf;jsessionid=6652E31FF167A7309E08DF497A9E51BD?sequence=1
Andelsman, V. & Mitchelstein, E. (2018). If it Bleeds it Leads: Coverage of violence against women and sexual and reproductive health in Argentina from 1995 to 2015. Journalism Practice, 13(4), 458-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1504628
Armstrong, C. L. & McAdams, M. J. (2009). Blogs of information: How gender cues and individual motivations influence perceptions of credibility. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01448.x
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2018). Everyone’s business: Fourth National Survey on Sexual Harassment in Australian Workplaces (PDF file). Retrieved from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/AHRC_WORKPLACE_SH_2018.pdf
Baird, C. L., Bensko, N. L., Bell, P. A., Viney, W., & Woody, W. D. (1995). Gender influence on perceptions of hostile environment sexual harassment. Psychological Reports, 77(1), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.79
Barrancos, D. (2014). Los caminos del feminismo en la Argentina: historia y derivas (Feminism in Argentina: history and drifts). Voces En El Fénix, 32, 6-13. Retrieved from http://www.vocesenelfenix.com/sites/default/files/pdf/1_6.pdf
Batson, C. D., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes, and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1656-1666. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237647
Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., … & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 105-118. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1997-02176-009
Beard, M. (2014). La voz pública de las mujeres (Women’s public voice). Letras Libres, (151), 6-12. Retrieved from https://www.letraslibres.com/mexico-espana/la-voz-publica-las-mujeres
Benoit, W. L. & Strathman, A. (2004). Source credibility and the elaboration likelihood model. In J. S. Seiter & R. H. Gass (Eds.), Readings in persuasion, social influence, and compliance gaining (pp. 95-111). Boston: Pearson.
Berger, J., Rosenholtz, S. J., & Zelditch Jr., M. (1980). Status organizing processes. Annual Review of Sociology, 6(1), 479-508. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.06.080180.002403
Biber, J. K., Doverspike, D., Baznik, D., Cober, A., & Ritter, B. A. (2002). Sexual harassment in online communications: Effects of gender and discourse medium. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102753685863
Bohner, G., Ruder, M., & Erb, H.-P. (2002). When expertise backfires: Contrast and assimilation effects in persuasion. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 495-519. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466602321149858
Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, language, and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 941-951. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.941
Carli, L. L. (1999). Gender, interpersonal power, and social influence. Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00106
Carli, L. L. (2001). Gender and social influence. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 725-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00238
CEPAL. (n.d.). Observatorio de Igualdad de Género de América Latina y el Caribe. Feminicidio (Gender Equality Observatory. Femicide or feminicide). Retrieved from https://oig.cepal.org/es/indicadores/feminicidio
Chaiken, S. (1987). The heuristic model of persuasion. In M. P. Zanna, J. M. Olson, & C. P. Herman (Eds.), Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium Volume 5 (pp. 3–-39). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Chaiken, S. & Maheswaran, D. (1994). Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing: effects of source credibility, argument ambiguity, and task importance on attitude judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(3), 460-473. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.460
Chodorow, N. J. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Clifford, S., Jewell, R. M., & Waggoner, P. D. (2015). Are samples drawn from Mechanical Turk valid for research on political ideology? Research & Politics, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015622072
Contreras, J. M., Bott, S., Guedes, A., & Dartnall, E. (2010). Sexual Violence in Latin America and the Carribbean: A Desk Review (PDF file). Retrieved from https://www.svri.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2016-04-13/SexualViolenceLACaribbean.pdf
Costello, C. (2017, November 27). Beware the sexual harassment backlash. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/
De Judicibus, M. & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Blaming the target of sexual harassment: Impact of gender role, sexist attitudes, and work role. Sex Roles, 44(7–8), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011926027920
Dillon, H. M., Adair, L. E., & Brase, G. L. (2015). A threatening exchange: Gender and life history strategy predict perceptions and reasoning about sexual harassment. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.002
Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Emmers-Sommer, T. M., Triplett, L., Pauley, P., Hanzal, A., & Rhea, D. (2005). The impact of film manipulation on men’s and women’s attitudes toward women and film editing. Sex Roles, 52(9-10), 683-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3735-5
Falbo, T., Hazen, M. D., & Linimon, D. (1982). The costs of selecting power bases or messages associated with the opposite sex. Sex Roles, 8(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287919
Galesic, M. & Tourangeau, R. (2007). What is sexual harassment? It depends on who asks! Framing effects on survey responses. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(2), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1336
Gamboa, D. I. G., García, A. A. E., & Winton, A. (2018). Violencias hacia mujeres transgénero trabajadoras sexuales en el marco de la lucha por el reconocimiento de su identidad de género (Transgender Sex Workers in Chiapas: The Different Forms of Violence in the Process of Construction and Reaffirmation of Their Gender Identity). Sociológica México, 94(33), 139-168. Retrieved from http://www.sociologicamexico.azc.uam.mx/index.php/Sociologica/article/view/1401
Gerrard, M., Breda, C., & Gibbons, F. X. (1990). Gender effects in couples’ sexual decision making and contraceptive use. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(6), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00421.x
Gherardi, N. (2016). Otras formas de violencia contra las mujeres que reconocer, nombrar y visibilizar. Serie Asuntos de Género nº 141 (Other forms of violence against women to be recognized, named and made visible. Women’s affairs series nº 141). Santiago, Chile: Naciones Unidas. Retrieved from
https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/40754/4/S1601170_es.pdf
Goldman, S. K. (2014). The Victim Paradox: How Portrayals of Suffering Affect Attitudes about Gay People and Gay Rights (Data file). Retrieved from http://www.tessexperiments.org/data/goldman507.html
Hartsock, N. C. (1983). The feminist standpoint: Developing the ground for a specifically feminist historical materialism. In S. Harding & M. B. Hintikka (Eds.), Discovering reality (pp. 283-310). Dordrecht: Springer.
Hayes, R. M., Lorenz, K., & Bell, K. A. (2013). Victim blaming others: Rape myth acceptance and the just world belief. Feminist Criminology, 8(3), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085113484788
Heesacker, M., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality, 51(4), 653-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00872.x
Herrera, M. C., Herrera, A., & Expósito, F. (2014). Stop Harassment! Men’s reactions to victims’ confrontation. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 6(2), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.06.006
Hovland, C. I. & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1086/266350
Huddy, L. & Cassese, E. (2013). On the complex and varied political effects of gender. In R. Y. Shapiro & L. R. Jacobs (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media (pp. 471-487). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huff, C. & Tingley, D. (2015). “Who are these people?” Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents. Research & Politics, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015604648
Kenig, S. & Ryan, J. (1986). Sex differences in levels of tolerance and attribution of blame for sexual harassment on a university campus. Sex Roles, 15(9-10), 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288230
Khomami, N. (2017, October 20). #MeToo: how a hashtag became a rallying cry against sexual harassment. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com
Lakoff, R. (2004). Language and woman’s place: Text and commentaries (Vol. 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leach, F. & Sitaram, S. (2007). Sexual harassment and abuse of adolescent schoolgirls in South India. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(3), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197907081262
LeMaire, K. L., Oswald, D. L., & Russell, B. L. (2016). Labeling sexual victimization experiences: the role of sexism, rape myth acceptance, and tolerance for sexual harassment. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00148
Mahoney, M. R. (1994). Victimization or oppression? Women’s lives, violence, and agency. In M. A. Fineman & R. Mykitiuk (Eds.), The Public Nature of Private Violence: The Discovery of Domestic Abuse (pp. 59-92). New York: Routledge.
McLean, I. A. (2013). The male victim of sexual assault. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.006
Minué, P. (2019). Incidencia del feminismo como movimiento social en los presidencialismos latinoamericanos (Incidence of feminism as a social movement in Latin American presidentialism). Miríada: Investigación En Ciencias Sociales, 10(14), 281-288. Retrieved from https://p3.usal.edu.ar/index.php/miriada/article/view/4633
Morley, D. D. & Walker, K. B. (1987). The role of importance, novelty, and plausibility in producing belief change. Communications Monographs, 54(4), 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758709390243
Morrison, T. (Ed.). (1992). Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. New York: Pantheon.
Mutz, D. C. & Nir, L. (2010). Not Necessarily the News: Does Fictional Television Influence Real-World Policy Preferences? Mass Communication and Society, 13(2), 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430902813856
Navarro-Guzmán, C., Ferrer-Pérez, V. A., & Bosch-Fiol, E. (2016). El acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario: análisis de una escala de medida (Sexual Harassment in the University: Analysis of a Measurement Scale). Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 371-382. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy.15-2.asau
Newcombe, N. & Arnkoff, D. B. (1979). Effects of speech style and sex of speaker on person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), 1293-1303. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1293
Oakley, A. & Mitchell, J. (Eds.). (1997). Who’s afraid of feminism? Seeing through the backlash. New York: The New Press.
Oliver, E. (2011). Women’s choices shattered: Impact of gender violence on universities. In S. Jackson, I. Malcolm, & K. Thomas (Eds.), Gendered Choices: Learning, Work, Identities in Lifelong Learning (pp. 69-83). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0647-7_6
Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2013). Acoso sexual en el trabajo y masculinidad. Exploración con hombres de la población general: Centroamérica y República Dominicana (Sexual harassment at work and masculinity. Exploration with men from the general population: Central America and the Dominican Republic). San José, Costa Rica: Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/---sro-san_jose/documents/publication/wcms_210223.pdf
Peoples, F. M. (2008). Street harassment in Cairo: a symptom of disintegrating social structures. The African Anthropologist, 15(1&2), 1-20. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/aa/article/viewFile/77244/67691
Pereyra, L. P., Gutiérrez, A., & Mitsuko-Nerome, M. (2018). La inseguridad en el transporte público del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Experiencias y percepciones de mujeres y varones (Insecurity in Public Transport in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. Experiences and Perceptions of Women and Men). Territorios, (39), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/territorios/a.6310
Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argumentbased persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(5), 847-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.5.847
Raj, A., Johns, N., & Jose, R. (2019). Racial/ethnic disparities in sexual harassment in the United States, 2018. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519842171
Realphe, S. P. M., Ferrand, P. A. S., González, L. A., & Cedeño, C. L. V. (2015). ¿“Sutilezas” de la discriminación y la violencia basada en el género? Situación de los y las estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado de una facultad de medicina en Bogotá DC (Subtleties of discrimination and violence based on gender? Situation of courses of grade and postgrade students of a Medicine Faculty in Bogotá D.C.). Revista Med, 23(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.18359/rmed.1327
Reguero, P. (2019, January 26). Hermana, yo sí te creo: cómo llevar la perspectiva de las víctimas de la calle a los juzgados (Sister, I believe you: how to take the victims’ perspective from the street to the courts). El Salto. Retrieved from https://www.elsaltodiario.com
Respers France, L. (2017, October 17). #YoTambién: las redes sociales se llenan de historias personales de acoso y abuso sexual (#YoTambién: social networks are filled with personal stories of sexual harassment and abuse). CNN en español. Retrieved from https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/
Rhoades, M. J. R. (1979). A social psychological investigation of the differential influence of male and female advocates of nontraditional sex roles (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://liblink.bsu.edu/catkey/264670
Roberts, D. E. (1999). Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. New York: Vintage Books.
Russell, B. L. & Trigg, K. Y. (2004). Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Sex Roles, 50(7), 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
Segato, R. L. (2016). La guerra contra las mujeres (War against women). Madrid: Traficantes de sueños.
Sexual Harassment Policy Office. (n.d.). Myths and Misconceptions. Retrieved from https://harass.stanford.edu/be-informed/sexual-harassment-myths
Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G., & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.01.005
Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 data brief–updated release. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/60893
Stark, A. (1998). Combating the backlash: How Swedish women won the war. In A. Oakley & J. Mitchell (Eds.), Who’s afraid of feminism? Seeing through the backlash (pp. 224–244). New York: The New Press.
Swim, J., Borgida, E., Maruyama, G., & Myers, D. G. (1989). Joan McKay versus John McKay: Do gender stereotypes bias evaluations? Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.409
Swirsky, J. M. & Angelone, D. J. (2014). Femi-nazis and bra burning crazies: A qualitative evaluation of contemporary beliefs about feminism. Current Psychology, 33(3), 229-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9208-7
Sykes, S. (2018, February 10). #Mosquemetoo: Women denounce sexual harassment during Hajj pilgrimage. Euronews. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com
Topa Cantisano, G., Depolo, M., & Morales Domínguez, J. F. (2007). Acoso laboral: meta-análisis y modelo integrador de sus antecedentes y consecuencias (Labor harassment: meta-analysis and integrating model of its antecedents and consequences). Psicothema, 19(1), 88–94. Retrieved from http://www.psicothema.com/psicothema.asp?id=3332
Wang, X. & Arpan, L. M. (2008). Effects of race and ethnic identity on audience evaluation of HIV public service announcements. The Howard Journal of Communications, 19(1), 44-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170701802019
Wirtz, A. L., Poteat, T. C., Malik, M., & Glass, N. (2018). Gender-based violence against transgender people in the United States: a call for research and programming. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018757749
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Italy: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf;jsessionid=6652E31FF167A7309E08DF497A9E51BD?sequence=1
Descargas
Publicado
2019-06-30
Cómo citar
Wagner, M. C. (2019). Género de periodistas e influencia: efectos sobre la gravedad percibida del acoso sexual. Cuadernos.Info, (44), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1631
