Relación de la participación política online y offline en el contexto de campañas subnacionales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.46.1712Palabras clave:
new media, participación política online, participación política convencional, participación política no convencional, democraciaResumen
Como parte del estudio del comportamiento electoral en los entornos digitales, surge la interrogante de si las campañas electorales con alta presencia en redes sociodigitales estimulan la participación en línea de los ciudadanos y si ello se traduce en una participación fuera de redes (offline) de mayor alcance. Con la finalidad de conocer y comparar la relación entre la participación política en línea con la offline, en sus modalidades convencional y no convencional, se aplicó una encuesta analítica digital postelectoral a las campañas electorales de los estados mexicanos de Nuevo León en 2015 (N = 294) y Puebla en 2016 (N = 301), la primera altamente centrada en medios digitales y la segunda, muy poco. Se encontraron diferencias en el involucramiento digital, que incluso repercuten en el juego electoral. Para las observaciones de Nuevo León se encontró una mayor relación entre el uso de redes sociales y la predisposición a participar en línea, mientras que en Puebla fue la participación política no convencional la que estuvo más relacionada con la predisposición a participar políticamente online. Explicamos estos hallazgos en relación con el grado de digitalización de cada campaña y el contexto tecnosocial en general.
Citas
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Alvídrez, S. & Rodríguez, O. F. (2016). Powerful communication style on twitter: Effects on credibility and civic participation. Comunicar, 24(47), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.3916/C47-2016-09
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Baumgartner J. & Morris J. (2010). MyFaceTube politics: social networking web sites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309334325
Barnes, S. H. & Kaase, M. (1979). Political action: mass participation in five western democracies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bavoleo, B. I. (2013). Medios y política: La participación política vía Internet en Corea del Sur (Media and politics: Political participation via the Internet in South Korea). CONfines de relaciones internacionales y ciencia política, 9(17), 69-84. Retrieved from https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos17/Mediosypolitica.pdf
Bennett, W. L., Wells, C., & Freelon, D. (2011). Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 835–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01588.x
Berumen, G. & Medellín, L. (2016). Marketing de los candidatos a la gubernatura de Nuevo León en las redes sociales durante el proceso electoral de 2015 (Marketing of the candidates for the governorship of Nuevo Leon in the social networks during the 2015 electoral process). Apuntes Electorales, 15(54), 57-90. Retrieved from http://aelectorales.ieem.org.mx/index.php/ae/article/view/71
Brunsting, S. & Postmes, T. (2002). Social Movement Participation in the Digital Age. Small Group Research, 33(5), 525–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649602237169
Brussino, S., Rabbia, H., & Sorribas, P. (2009). Perfiles Sociocognitivos de la Participación Política de los Jóvenes (Sociocognitive Profiles of Youth Political
Participation). Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 43(2), 279-287. Retrieved from https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/36867
Calenda, D. & Meijer, A. (2009). Young people, the Internet and political participation. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 879–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802158508
Castells, M. (2009). Comunicación y poder (Communication Power). Madrid: Alianza.
Chekunova, M. A., Barabash, V. V, Trofimova, G. N., & Lenko, G. N. (2016). New media in political communication : general approaches. In SHS Web of Conferences (vol. 29, art. 01015). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162901015
Colomer, J. (2001). Instituciones políticas (Political institutions). Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.
Córdoba Hernández, A. (2017). El slacktivismo como recurso de movilización en redes sociales: el caso de #BringBackOurGirls (Slacktivism as a mobilization resource in social networks: The #BringBackOurGirls case). Comunicación y Sociedad, (30), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v0i30.6241
Cornelissen, G., Karelaia, N., & Soyer, E. (2013). Clicktivism or Slacktivism? Impression Management and Moral Licensing. In G. Cornelissen, E. Reutskaja, & A. Valenzuela (Eds.), European Advances in Consumer Research, 10 (pp. 244-244). Duluth: Association for Consumer Research.
Delfino, G. & Zubieta, E. (2010). Participación política: concepto y modalidades (Political participation: concept and types). Anuario de Investigaciones, 17, 211-220. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3691/369139946011.pdf
Delli Carpini M. & Keeter S. (2002). The Internet and an informed citizenry. In D. M. Anderson & M. Cornfield (Eds.), The Civic Web: Online Politics and Democratic Values (pp. 129-153). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Emmer M., Wolling J., & Vowe G. (2012). Changing political communication in Germany: findings from a longitudinal study on the influence of the Internet on political information, discussion and the participation of citizens. Communications, 37(3), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2012-0013
Gill, J. & Johnson, P. (2010). Research methods for managers. SAGE.
Harlow, S. (2011). Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New Media & Society, 14(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410408
Hirzalla, F., van Zoonen, L., & de Ridder, J. (2010). Internet Use and Political Participation: Reflections on the Mobilization/Normalization Controversy. The Information Society, 27(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2011.534360
INEGI. (2018). Encuesta Nacional sobre Disponibilidad y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información en los Hogares (National Survey on Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households) Retrieved from https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/dutih/2018/
Keane, J. (2008). Monitory Democracy? Paper prepared for the ESRC Seminar Series, Emergent Publics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 13th-14th March 2008. Milton Keynes: Open University.
Kim, Y., Russo, S., & Amna, E. (2016). The longitudinal relation between online and offline political participation among youth at two different developmental stages. New Media & Society, 19(6), 899-917. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815624181
Krueger, B. S. (2002). Assessing the Potential of Internet Political Participation in the United States: A Resource Approach. American Politics Research, 30(5), 476-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X02030005002
Latinobarómetro. (2016). Informe 2016 (2016 Report) (PDF file). Retrieved from http://www.latinobarometro.org/latContents.jsp
March, J. & Olsen, J. (1997). El redescubrimiento de las instituciones. La base organizativa de la Política (The rediscovery of the institutions. The organizational basis of politics). Mexico, DF: FCE.
Muñiz, C., Dader, J., Téllez, N., & Salazar, A. (2016). ¿Están los políticos políticamente comprometidos?: Análisis del compromiso político 2.0 desarrollado por los candidatos a través de Facebook (Are politicians politically engaged? Analysis of the political commitment 2.0 developed through Facebook). Cuadernos.info, (39), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.39.970
MillwardBrown. (2017). Estudio de consumo de medios y dispositivos entre internautas mexicanos (Media and device consumption study in Mexican users) (PDF file). Retrieved from http://www.iabmexico.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECMYD_2016_Version_Prensa.pdf
Navarrete, J. (2008). Sistema político mexicano: desarrollo y reacomodo del poder (Mexican political system: development and readjustment of power). Iberofórum. Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Iberoamericana, 3(6), 131-148. Retrieved from https://ibero.mx/iberoforum/6/default.html
Nam, T. (2012). Dual effects of the Internet on political activism: reinforcing and mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, 29(S1), S90-S97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.010
Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quintelier, E. & Vissers, S. (2007). The Effect of Internet Use on Political Participation. Social Science Computer Review, 26(4), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307312631
Rivas, J. A. (2003). El neoinstitucionalismo y la revalorización de las instituciones (Neoinstitutionalism and the revaluation of institutions). Reflexión política, 5(9).
Retrieved from https://revistas.unab.edu.co/index.php/reflexion/article/view/748
Sabucedo, J. & Arce, C. (1991). Types of Political Participation: a multidimensional analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 20(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1991.tb00257.x
Stromer-Galley, J. (2002). New Voices in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of Interpersonal and Online Political Talk. Javnost - The Public, 9(2), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2002.11008798
Tang, G. & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook Use and Political Participation. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763-773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313490625
Tolbert, C. J. & Mcneal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600206
Treré, E. & Cargnelutti, D. (2014). Social movements, social media and web 2.0: The case of the movement for peace with justice and dignity. Communication & Society, 27(1), 183-203. Retrieved from https://www.unav.edu/publicaciones/revistas/index.php/communication-and-society/article/view/36010
Velasquez, A. & LaRose, R. (2015). Youth collective activism through social media: the role of collective efficacy. New Media & Society, 17(6), 899–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813518391
Vissers, S. & Stolle, D. (2014). Spill-Over Effects Between Facebook and On/Offline Political Participation? Evidence from a Two-Wave Panel Study. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(3), 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.888383
Wang, S. I. (2007). Political Use of the Internet, Political Attitudes and
Political Participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 17(4), 381–395.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980701636993
Alvídrez, S. (2017). Interactivity in twitter: Effects of party identity on the evaluation of political candidates and on their vote intentions. Comunicación y Sociedad, (29), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v0i29.6416
Alvídrez, S. & Rodríguez, O. F. (2016). Powerful communication style on twitter: Effects on credibility and civic participation. Comunicar, 24(47), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.3916/C47-2016-09
AMIPCI. (2017). 13º Estudio sobre los hábitos de los usuarios de Internet en México 2017 (13th Study on the habits of Internet users in Mexico 2017). Retrieved from http://asociaciondeInternet.org.mx/es/component/remository/Habitos-de-Internet/13-Estudio-sobre-los-Habitos-de-los-Usuarios-de-Internet-en-Mexico-2017/lang,eses/?Itemid=
Baumgartner J. & Morris J. (2010). MyFaceTube politics: social networking web sites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309334325
Barnes, S. H. & Kaase, M. (1979). Political action: mass participation in five western democracies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bavoleo, B. I. (2013). Medios y política: La participación política vía Internet en Corea del Sur (Media and politics: Political participation via the Internet in South Korea). CONfines de relaciones internacionales y ciencia política, 9(17), 69-84. Retrieved from https://confines.mty.itesm.mx/articulos17/Mediosypolitica.pdf
Bennett, W. L., Wells, C., & Freelon, D. (2011). Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 835–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01588.x
Berumen, G. & Medellín, L. (2016). Marketing de los candidatos a la gubernatura de Nuevo León en las redes sociales durante el proceso electoral de 2015 (Marketing of the candidates for the governorship of Nuevo Leon in the social networks during the 2015 electoral process). Apuntes Electorales, 15(54), 57-90. Retrieved from http://aelectorales.ieem.org.mx/index.php/ae/article/view/71
Brunsting, S. & Postmes, T. (2002). Social Movement Participation in the Digital Age. Small Group Research, 33(5), 525–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649602237169
Brussino, S., Rabbia, H., & Sorribas, P. (2009). Perfiles Sociocognitivos de la Participación Política de los Jóvenes (Sociocognitive Profiles of Youth Political
Participation). Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 43(2), 279-287. Retrieved from https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/36867
Calenda, D. & Meijer, A. (2009). Young people, the Internet and political participation. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 879–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802158508
Castells, M. (2009). Comunicación y poder (Communication Power). Madrid: Alianza.
Chekunova, M. A., Barabash, V. V, Trofimova, G. N., & Lenko, G. N. (2016). New media in political communication : general approaches. In SHS Web of Conferences (vol. 29, art. 01015). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162901015
Colomer, J. (2001). Instituciones políticas (Political institutions). Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.
Córdoba Hernández, A. (2017). El slacktivismo como recurso de movilización en redes sociales: el caso de #BringBackOurGirls (Slacktivism as a mobilization resource in social networks: The #BringBackOurGirls case). Comunicación y Sociedad, (30), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v0i30.6241
Cornelissen, G., Karelaia, N., & Soyer, E. (2013). Clicktivism or Slacktivism? Impression Management and Moral Licensing. In G. Cornelissen, E. Reutskaja, & A. Valenzuela (Eds.), European Advances in Consumer Research, 10 (pp. 244-244). Duluth: Association for Consumer Research.
Delfino, G. & Zubieta, E. (2010). Participación política: concepto y modalidades (Political participation: concept and types). Anuario de Investigaciones, 17, 211-220. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3691/369139946011.pdf
Delli Carpini M. & Keeter S. (2002). The Internet and an informed citizenry. In D. M. Anderson & M. Cornfield (Eds.), The Civic Web: Online Politics and Democratic Values (pp. 129-153). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Emmer M., Wolling J., & Vowe G. (2012). Changing political communication in Germany: findings from a longitudinal study on the influence of the Internet on political information, discussion and the participation of citizens. Communications, 37(3), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2012-0013
Gill, J. & Johnson, P. (2010). Research methods for managers. SAGE.
Harlow, S. (2011). Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New Media & Society, 14(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410408
Hirzalla, F., van Zoonen, L., & de Ridder, J. (2010). Internet Use and Political Participation: Reflections on the Mobilization/Normalization Controversy. The Information Society, 27(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2011.534360
INEGI. (2018). Encuesta Nacional sobre Disponibilidad y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información en los Hogares (National Survey on Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households) Retrieved from https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/dutih/2018/
Keane, J. (2008). Monitory Democracy? Paper prepared for the ESRC Seminar Series, Emergent Publics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 13th-14th March 2008. Milton Keynes: Open University.
Kim, Y., Russo, S., & Amna, E. (2016). The longitudinal relation between online and offline political participation among youth at two different developmental stages. New Media & Society, 19(6), 899-917. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815624181
Krueger, B. S. (2002). Assessing the Potential of Internet Political Participation in the United States: A Resource Approach. American Politics Research, 30(5), 476-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X02030005002
Latinobarómetro. (2016). Informe 2016 (2016 Report) (PDF file). Retrieved from http://www.latinobarometro.org/latContents.jsp
March, J. & Olsen, J. (1997). El redescubrimiento de las instituciones. La base organizativa de la Política (The rediscovery of the institutions. The organizational basis of politics). Mexico, DF: FCE.
Muñiz, C., Dader, J., Téllez, N., & Salazar, A. (2016). ¿Están los políticos políticamente comprometidos?: Análisis del compromiso político 2.0 desarrollado por los candidatos a través de Facebook (Are politicians politically engaged? Analysis of the political commitment 2.0 developed through Facebook). Cuadernos.info, (39), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.39.970
MillwardBrown. (2017). Estudio de consumo de medios y dispositivos entre internautas mexicanos (Media and device consumption study in Mexican users) (PDF file). Retrieved from http://www.iabmexico.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ECMYD_2016_Version_Prensa.pdf
Navarrete, J. (2008). Sistema político mexicano: desarrollo y reacomodo del poder (Mexican political system: development and readjustment of power). Iberofórum. Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Iberoamericana, 3(6), 131-148. Retrieved from https://ibero.mx/iberoforum/6/default.html
Nam, T. (2012). Dual effects of the Internet on political activism: reinforcing and mobilizing. Government Information Quarterly, 29(S1), S90-S97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.010
Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quintelier, E. & Vissers, S. (2007). The Effect of Internet Use on Political Participation. Social Science Computer Review, 26(4), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307312631
Rivas, J. A. (2003). El neoinstitucionalismo y la revalorización de las instituciones (Neoinstitutionalism and the revaluation of institutions). Reflexión política, 5(9).
Retrieved from https://revistas.unab.edu.co/index.php/reflexion/article/view/748
Sabucedo, J. & Arce, C. (1991). Types of Political Participation: a multidimensional analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 20(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1991.tb00257.x
Stromer-Galley, J. (2002). New Voices in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of Interpersonal and Online Political Talk. Javnost - The Public, 9(2), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2002.11008798
Tang, G. & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook Use and Political Participation. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763-773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313490625
Tolbert, C. J. & Mcneal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600206
Treré, E. & Cargnelutti, D. (2014). Social movements, social media and web 2.0: The case of the movement for peace with justice and dignity. Communication & Society, 27(1), 183-203. Retrieved from https://www.unav.edu/publicaciones/revistas/index.php/communication-and-society/article/view/36010
Velasquez, A. & LaRose, R. (2015). Youth collective activism through social media: the role of collective efficacy. New Media & Society, 17(6), 899–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813518391
Vissers, S. & Stolle, D. (2014). Spill-Over Effects Between Facebook and On/Offline Political Participation? Evidence from a Two-Wave Panel Study. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(3), 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.888383
Wang, S. I. (2007). Political Use of the Internet, Political Attitudes and
Political Participation. Asian Journal of Communication, 17(4), 381–395.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980701636993
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Publicado
2020-09-27
Cómo citar
Rodríguez-Estrada, A., Muñiz, C., & Echeverría, M. (2020). Relación de la participación política online y offline en el contexto de campañas subnacionales. Cuadernos.Info, (46), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.46.1712
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TEMAS GENERALES
