Análisis de las temáticas y tendencias de periodistas españoles en Twitter: contenidos sobre política, cultura, ciencia, comunicación e Internet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.47.1773Palabras clave:
Twitter, periodismo, agenda, información, Internet, poder, comunicaciónResumen
Twitter se ha convertido en una fuente de datos y de noticias. Pero, ¿de qué hablan los periodistas españoles en Twitter? La investigación descriptiva y analítica, con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, estudia desde una perspectiva longitudinal una sucesión diacrónica de mensajes vía Twitter. El corpus de estudio estuvo conformado por dos muestras invitadas y no probabilísticas: 3500 tuits emitidos por 20 periodistas titulares de cuentas de Twitter en siete días a lo largo de siete semanas, entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2018, y por 35 portadas de periódicos publicadas en las mismas fechas. La investigación analiza los tuits clasificados en cinco categorías temáticas: política, cultura, ciencia, comunicación e Internet. El estudio ha creado un sistema de clasificación de unidades de registro conformado por 35 categorías temáticas y 1226 subcategorías. Se concluye, entre otros aspectos, que los periodistas ofrecen mediante Twitter un alcance temático mucho más extenso que los medios de comunicación de masas. Hispanoamérica se presenta como un escenario de debate político frente a Europa; mientras que las crisis, especialmente las internacionales, condicionan las agendas temáticas de los medios. Se detecta la inexistencia de una estrategia de información cultural y un rol protagónico de la autopromoción.
Citas
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https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.74455
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Barnard, S. (2016). Tweet or be Sacked: Twitter and the New Elements of Journalistic Practice. Journalism, 17(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914553079
Berganza, M. Z. & Ruiz San Román, J. (Coords.). (2005). Investigar en comunicación. Guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en comunicación social (Investigate in communication. Practical guide to social research methods and techniques in social communication). Madrid, Spain: McGraw Hill.
Brems, C., Temmerman, M., Graham, T., & Broersma, M. (2017). Personal Branding on Twitter: How Employed and Freelance Journalists Stage Themselves on Social Media. Digital Journalism, 5(4), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1176534
Broersma, M. & Graham, T. (2013). Twitter as a News Source. Journalism Practice, 7(4), 446–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.802481
Brown Smith, C. (2012). #Memstorm: Twitter as a Community-driven Breaking News Reporting Tool. The Official Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2(2), 1–28. Retrieved from https://isoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Brown.pdf
Bruns, A., Enli, G., Skogerbø, E., Olof, A., & Christensen, L. (2016). The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. New York: Routledge.
Burns, A. (2010). Oblique Strategies for Ambient Journalism. M/C Journal, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.230
Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Canter, L. (2015). Personalised Tweeting. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 888–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.973148
Carrera Álvarez, P., Sainz de Baranda, C., Hererro, E., & Limón, N. (2012). Journalism and Social Media: How Spanish Journalists Are Using Twitter. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 1(18), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2012.v18.n1.39353
Dahlen Rogstad, I. (2014). Political News Journalists in Social Media: Transforming Political Reporters into Political Pundits? Journalism Practice, 8(6), 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.865965
Deuze, M. (2008). The Professional Identity of Journalists in the Context of Convergence Culture. Observatorio (OBS*), 2(4), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS242008216
Farhi, P. (2009). The Twitter Explosion. American Journalism Review, 31(3), 26–31. Retrieved from https://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=4756
Franklin, B. (2014). The Future of Journalism: In an Age of Digital Media and Economic Uncertainty. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.930254
Greer, C. F. & Ferguson, D. A. (2011). Using Twitter for Promotion and Branding: A Content Analysis of Local Television Twitter Sites. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 55(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.570824
Greer, J. & Yan, Y. (2010). New Ways of Connecting with Readers. How Community Newspapers are using Facebook, Twitter and other Social Tools to Deliver the News. Grassroots Editor, 51(4), 1–7. Retrieved from https://www.iswne.org/grassroots_editor/winter-2010-vol-51-no-4/page_f33a309a-c5b1-11e3-ab06-0019bb2963f4.html
Gulyas, A. (2013). The Influence of Professional Variables on Journalists’ Uses and Views of Social Media. A Comparative Study of Finland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.744559
Krippendorff, K. (1990). Metodología del análisis de contenido (Content analysis methodology). Barcelona, Spain: Paidós.
Hanusch, F. & Bruns, A. (2016). Journalistic Branding on Twitter: A Representative Study of Australian Journalists’ Profile Descriptions. Digital Journalism, 5(1), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1152161º
doi:10-1080/21670811.2016.1152161
Hedman, U. (2015). J-Tweeters. Pointing towards a new set of professional practices and norms in journalism. Digital Journalism, 3(2), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.897833
Hedman, U. & Djerf-Pierre, M. (2013). The Social Journalist: Embracing the Social Media Life or Creating a New Digital Divide? Digital Journalism, 1(3), 386-385.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.776804
Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the News. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703
Hermida, A. (2013). #Journalism: Reconfiguring Journalism Research on Twitter—One Tweet at a Time. Digital Journalism, 1(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.808456
Herrera, S. & Requejo, J. L. (2012). 10 Good Practices for News Organizations Using Twitter. Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies, 1(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.1.1.79_1
Holsti, O. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and the humanities. Boston, MS: Addison-Wesley.
Holton, A. & Lewis, S. (2011). Journalists, social media, and the use of humor on Twitter. Electronic Journal of Communication, 21(1-2), 1-22. Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/EJCPUBLIC/021/1/021121.html
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. Barcelona: UOC.
Lasorsa, D., Lewis, S. C., & Holton, A. (2012). Normalizing Twitter: Journalism Practice in an Emerging Communication Space. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2011.571825
López, X. & Alonso, S. (2013). Los periódicos gallegos en las redes sociales virtuales: presencia y posicionamiento en el nuevo escenario comunicativo The Galician newspapers on the online social networks: presence and positioning in the new communicative setting). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 19(2), 1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.n2.43484
Marta-Lazo, C. & Garcia-Idiakez, M. (2014). El uso profesional de la red social Twitter en la redacción del diario español El País (Professional Use of the Social Networking Service Twitter in Composing the Spanish Newspaper El Pais). Palabra Clave, 17(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.5294/3341
Molyneux, L. (2015). What Journalists Retweet: Opinion, Humor, and Brand Development on Twitter. Journalism, 16(7), 920–935. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914550135
Molyneux, L. & Holton, A. (2015). Branding (Health) Journalism: Perceptions, Practices and Emerging Norms. Digital Journalism, 3(2), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.906927
Molyneux, L., Holton, A., & Lewis, S. C. (2018). How Journalists Engage in Branding on Twitter: Individual, Organizational, and Institutional Levels. Information, Communication & Society, 21, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1314532
Messner, M., Linke, M., & Eford, A. (2012). Shoveling Tweets: An Analysis of the Microblogging Engagement of Traditional News Organizations. The Official Research Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2(1), 74–87. Retrieved from https://isoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ISOJ_Journal_V2_N1_2012_Spring.pdf#page=74
Mourão, R., Diehl, T., & Vasudevan, K. (2016). I Love Big Bird. Digital Journalism, 4(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1006861
Newman, N. (2009). The Rise of Social Media and Its Impact on Mainstream Journalism. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Noguera Vivo, J. (2013). How Open are Journalists on Twitter? Trends towards the End-user Journalism. Communication & Society 26, (1), 93–114. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10171/35432
Olausson, U. (2017). The Reinvented Journalist: The Discursive Construction of Professional Identity on Twitter. Digital Journalism, 5(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1146082
Olausson, U. (2018). The Celebrified Journalist. Journalism Studies, 19(16), 2379-2399.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1349548
Ottovordemgentschenfelde, S. (2017). Organizational, Professional, Personal’: An Exploratory Study of Political Journalists and their Hybrid Brand on Twitter. Journalism, 18(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657524
Requejo, J. L. & Herrera, S. (2014). Retroceso en la creación de comunidad entre los diarios generalistas españoles en Twitter (Regression in the community engagement among Spanish newspapers on Twitter (2011 2013)). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 20(1), 229–248. Retrieved from https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/45229
Rodríguez, A. & García, J. (2013). Uso y funciones de Twitter en periodistas españoles (Spanish Journalists: Use and Functions of Twitter). Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 19 (Especial abril), 963–969. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.42181
Rogstad, I. D. (2014). Political news journalists in social media. Journalism Practice, 8(6), 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.865965Salgado, C. & Zamarra, M. (2013). Twitter dinamiza las sinergias entre las redes sociales y el Periodismo (Twitter energizes the synergies between social networks and journalism). In Comunicación y la red. Nuevas formas de periodismo (Communication and network. New journalism forms) (pp. 334). Zaragoza, Spain: Asociación de Periodistas de Aragón.
Tandoc Jr., E. C., & Vos, T. P. (2016). The Journalist is marketing the news. Journalism Practice, 10(8), 950-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1087811
Vattimo G. (2010). Il pensiero debole (Weak thninking). Milan, Italy: Feltrinelli.
Vilches, L. (Coord.). (2011). La investigación en comunicación. Métodos y técnicas en la era digital (Communication research. Methods and techniques in the digital age). Barcelona, Spain: Gedisa.
Allan, S., Carter, C., Cushion, S., Dencik, L., Garcia-Blanco, I., Harris, J., Sambrook, R., Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Williams, A. (Eds.). (2018). The Future of Journalism: Risks, Threats and Opportunities. London: Routledge.
Artwick, C. (2013). Reporters on Twitter. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 212-228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.74455
Berelson, B. (1971). Content analysis in communication research. New York, NY: Harper.
Barnard, S. (2016). Tweet or be Sacked: Twitter and the New Elements of Journalistic Practice. Journalism, 17(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914553079
Berganza, M. Z. & Ruiz San Román, J. (Coords.). (2005). Investigar en comunicación. Guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en comunicación social (Investigate in communication. Practical guide to social research methods and techniques in social communication). Madrid, Spain: McGraw Hill.
Brems, C., Temmerman, M., Graham, T., & Broersma, M. (2017). Personal Branding on Twitter: How Employed and Freelance Journalists Stage Themselves on Social Media. Digital Journalism, 5(4), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1176534
Broersma, M. & Graham, T. (2013). Twitter as a News Source. Journalism Practice, 7(4), 446–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.802481
Brown Smith, C. (2012). #Memstorm: Twitter as a Community-driven Breaking News Reporting Tool. The Official Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2(2), 1–28. Retrieved from https://isoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Brown.pdf
Bruns, A., Enli, G., Skogerbø, E., Olof, A., & Christensen, L. (2016). The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. New York: Routledge.
Burns, A. (2010). Oblique Strategies for Ambient Journalism. M/C Journal, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.230
Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Canter, L. (2015). Personalised Tweeting. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 888–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.973148
Carrera Álvarez, P., Sainz de Baranda, C., Hererro, E., & Limón, N. (2012). Journalism and Social Media: How Spanish Journalists Are Using Twitter. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 1(18), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2012.v18.n1.39353
Dahlen Rogstad, I. (2014). Political News Journalists in Social Media: Transforming Political Reporters into Political Pundits? Journalism Practice, 8(6), 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.865965
Deuze, M. (2008). The Professional Identity of Journalists in the Context of Convergence Culture. Observatorio (OBS*), 2(4), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS242008216
Farhi, P. (2009). The Twitter Explosion. American Journalism Review, 31(3), 26–31. Retrieved from https://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=4756
Franklin, B. (2014). The Future of Journalism: In an Age of Digital Media and Economic Uncertainty. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.930254
Greer, C. F. & Ferguson, D. A. (2011). Using Twitter for Promotion and Branding: A Content Analysis of Local Television Twitter Sites. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 55(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.570824
Greer, J. & Yan, Y. (2010). New Ways of Connecting with Readers. How Community Newspapers are using Facebook, Twitter and other Social Tools to Deliver the News. Grassroots Editor, 51(4), 1–7. Retrieved from https://www.iswne.org/grassroots_editor/winter-2010-vol-51-no-4/page_f33a309a-c5b1-11e3-ab06-0019bb2963f4.html
Gulyas, A. (2013). The Influence of Professional Variables on Journalists’ Uses and Views of Social Media. A Comparative Study of Finland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 270-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.744559
Krippendorff, K. (1990). Metodología del análisis de contenido (Content analysis methodology). Barcelona, Spain: Paidós.
Hanusch, F. & Bruns, A. (2016). Journalistic Branding on Twitter: A Representative Study of Australian Journalists’ Profile Descriptions. Digital Journalism, 5(1), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1152161º
doi:10-1080/21670811.2016.1152161
Hedman, U. (2015). J-Tweeters. Pointing towards a new set of professional practices and norms in journalism. Digital Journalism, 3(2), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.897833
Hedman, U. & Djerf-Pierre, M. (2013). The Social Journalist: Embracing the Social Media Life or Creating a New Digital Divide? Digital Journalism, 1(3), 386-385.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.776804
Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the News. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703
Hermida, A. (2013). #Journalism: Reconfiguring Journalism Research on Twitter—One Tweet at a Time. Digital Journalism, 1(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.808456
Herrera, S. & Requejo, J. L. (2012). 10 Good Practices for News Organizations Using Twitter. Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies, 1(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.1.1.79_1
Holsti, O. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and the humanities. Boston, MS: Addison-Wesley.
Holton, A. & Lewis, S. (2011). Journalists, social media, and the use of humor on Twitter. Electronic Journal of Communication, 21(1-2), 1-22. Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/EJCPUBLIC/021/1/021121.html
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. Barcelona: UOC.
Lasorsa, D., Lewis, S. C., & Holton, A. (2012). Normalizing Twitter: Journalism Practice in an Emerging Communication Space. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2011.571825
López, X. & Alonso, S. (2013). Los periódicos gallegos en las redes sociales virtuales: presencia y posicionamiento en el nuevo escenario comunicativo The Galician newspapers on the online social networks: presence and positioning in the new communicative setting). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 19(2), 1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.n2.43484
Marta-Lazo, C. & Garcia-Idiakez, M. (2014). El uso profesional de la red social Twitter en la redacción del diario español El País (Professional Use of the Social Networking Service Twitter in Composing the Spanish Newspaper El Pais). Palabra Clave, 17(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.5294/3341
Molyneux, L. (2015). What Journalists Retweet: Opinion, Humor, and Brand Development on Twitter. Journalism, 16(7), 920–935. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914550135
Molyneux, L. & Holton, A. (2015). Branding (Health) Journalism: Perceptions, Practices and Emerging Norms. Digital Journalism, 3(2), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.906927
Molyneux, L., Holton, A., & Lewis, S. C. (2018). How Journalists Engage in Branding on Twitter: Individual, Organizational, and Institutional Levels. Information, Communication & Society, 21, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1314532
Messner, M., Linke, M., & Eford, A. (2012). Shoveling Tweets: An Analysis of the Microblogging Engagement of Traditional News Organizations. The Official Research Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2(1), 74–87. Retrieved from https://isoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ISOJ_Journal_V2_N1_2012_Spring.pdf#page=74
Mourão, R., Diehl, T., & Vasudevan, K. (2016). I Love Big Bird. Digital Journalism, 4(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1006861
Newman, N. (2009). The Rise of Social Media and Its Impact on Mainstream Journalism. Oxford, UK: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Noguera Vivo, J. (2013). How Open are Journalists on Twitter? Trends towards the End-user Journalism. Communication & Society 26, (1), 93–114. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10171/35432
Olausson, U. (2017). The Reinvented Journalist: The Discursive Construction of Professional Identity on Twitter. Digital Journalism, 5(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1146082
Olausson, U. (2018). The Celebrified Journalist. Journalism Studies, 19(16), 2379-2399.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1349548
Ottovordemgentschenfelde, S. (2017). Organizational, Professional, Personal’: An Exploratory Study of Political Journalists and their Hybrid Brand on Twitter. Journalism, 18(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657524
Requejo, J. L. & Herrera, S. (2014). Retroceso en la creación de comunidad entre los diarios generalistas españoles en Twitter (Regression in the community engagement among Spanish newspapers on Twitter (2011 2013)). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 20(1), 229–248. Retrieved from https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/45229
Rodríguez, A. & García, J. (2013). Uso y funciones de Twitter en periodistas españoles (Spanish Journalists: Use and Functions of Twitter). Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 19 (Especial abril), 963–969. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.42181
Rogstad, I. D. (2014). Political news journalists in social media. Journalism Practice, 8(6), 688–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.865965Salgado, C. & Zamarra, M. (2013). Twitter dinamiza las sinergias entre las redes sociales y el Periodismo (Twitter energizes the synergies between social networks and journalism). In Comunicación y la red. Nuevas formas de periodismo (Communication and network. New journalism forms) (pp. 334). Zaragoza, Spain: Asociación de Periodistas de Aragón.
Tandoc Jr., E. C., & Vos, T. P. (2016). The Journalist is marketing the news. Journalism Practice, 10(8), 950-966. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1087811
Vattimo G. (2010). Il pensiero debole (Weak thninking). Milan, Italy: Feltrinelli.
Vilches, L. (Coord.). (2011). La investigación en comunicación. Métodos y técnicas en la era digital (Communication research. Methods and techniques in the digital age). Barcelona, Spain: Gedisa.
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Publicado
2021-01-05
Cómo citar
Jaraba Molina, G. ., Tejedor Calvo, S. ., & Cervi, L. . (2021). Análisis de las temáticas y tendencias de periodistas españoles en Twitter: contenidos sobre política, cultura, ciencia, comunicación e Internet. Cuadernos.Info, (47), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.47.1773
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TEMAS GENERALES
