Variables de éxito mediático de los movimientos sociales. El 15-M y la PAH en España
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.51.27347Palabras clave:
movimientos sociales, medios informativos, paradigma de la protesta, 15-M, PAHResumen
El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el tratamiento mediático de dos movimientos sociales españoles: el 15-M (o Indignados) y la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH). La cobertura periodística del 15-M ha sido objeto de muchos estudios. Sin embargo, el análisis comparativo ha sido muy poco utilizado, a pesar de sus posibilidades para ofrecer información relevante sobre las variables que pueden influir en cómo los medios retratan los movimientos sociales. Con este propósito, se ha aplicado un análisis de contenido cuantitativo a una muestra de noticias publicadas en las ediciones digitales de los medios de comunicación más relevantes de España. Los resultados cuestionan el paradigma de la protesta, dado el trato mediático mayoritariamente positivo o neutral recibido por ambos movimientos sociales. No obstante, la representación de la PAH es significativamente más favorable, lo que se deriva de la combinación de tácticas disruptivas (para atraer a los medios) e institucionales (para obtener un trato positivo). Esta combinación se refuerza mediante la estrategia comunicativa de la PAH.
Descargas
Citas
Albizu, X. (2016). Interpreting ‘escraches’: the role of the Spanish press in the public opinion process. Communication & Society, 29(1), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.29.1.83-100
Alonso, L. (2016). Estrategia comunicativa de la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca en las redes sociales (Communicative strategy of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca in social networks). Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación, 3(5), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.24137/raeic.3.5.6
Alonso, L. & Casero, A. (2016). La influencia del discurso sobre cambio social en la agenda de los medios: El caso de la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (The influence of the discourse on social change in the media agenda: The case of the Platform of People Affected by Mortgages). Obets, 11(1), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2016.11.1.02
Amenta, E., Caren, N., Chiarello, E., & Su, Y. (2010). The political consequences of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120029
Amenta, E., Caren, N., Olasky, S. J., & Stobaugh, J. E. (2009). All the movements fit to print: Who, what, when, where, and why SMO families appeared in the New York Times in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 74(4), 636–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400407
Amenta, E., Elliott, T. A., Shortt, N., Tierney, A. C., Türkoğlu, D., & Vann, B. (2017). From bias to coverage: What explains how news organizations treat social movements. Sociology Compass, 11(3), e12460. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12460
Andrews, K. T. & Caren, N. (2010). Making the news: movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841–866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
Anduiza, E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo J. M. (2013). Mobilization through online social networks: The political protest of the Indignados in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17(6), 750–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.808360
Barranquero, A. (2012). Redes digitales y movilización colectiva. Del 15-M a nuevas prácticas de empoderamiento y desarrollo local (Digital networks and collective mobilization. From 15-M to new practices of empowerment and local development). In M. Martínez & F. Sierra (Coords.), Comunicación y desarrollo. Prácticas comunicativas y empoderamiento local (Communication and development. Communicative practices and local empowerment) (pp. 377-400). Gedisa.
Boyle, M. P., McLeod, D. M., & Armstrong, C. L. (2012). Adherence to the protest paradigm: The influence of protest goals and tactics on news coverage in U.S. and international newspapers. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211433837
Cammaerts, B. (2012). Protest logics and the mediation opportunity structure. European Journal of Communication, 27(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112441007
Casas, A., Davesa, F., & Congosto, M. (2016). La cobertura mediática de una acción ‘conectiva’: La interacción entre el movimiento 15-M y los medios de comunicación (Media coverage of ‘connective’ action: The interaction between the 15-M movement and the mass media). REIS, Revista Española de investigaciones sociológicas, (155), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.155.73
Castells, M. (2012). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet Age. Polity Press.
Colau, A. & Alemany, A. (2012). Vidas hipotecadas (Mortgaged lives). Angle.
Cottle, S. (2008). Reporting demonstrations: The changing media politics of dissent. Media, Culture and Society 30(6), 853–872. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443708096097
Cristancho, C. & Anduiza, E. (2016). Social media accounts of the Spanish Indignados. In A. Bruns, G. Enli, E. Skogerbo, A. O. Larsson & C. Christensen (Eds.), The Routledge companion to social media and politics (pp. 165–183). Routledge.
De Cillia, B. & McCurdy, P. (2020). No Surrender. No Challenge. No Protest Paradigm: A Content Analysis of the Canadian News Media Coverage of the “Yellow Vest Movement” and the “United We Roll Convoy”. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 57(4), 656-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12304
Di Cicco, D. T. (2010). The public nuisance paradigm: Changes in mass media coverage of political protest since the 1960s. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901008700108
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward a clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Evans, E. M. (2015). Bearing witness: How controversial organizations get the media coverage they want. Social Movement Studies, 15(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2015.1060158
Feenstra, R. A. & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). Nuevas formas de producción de noticias en el entorno digital y cambios en el periodismo: el caso 15-M (New forms of news production in the digital landscape and changes in journalism: the 15-M case). Comunicación y Hombre, (8), 128-140. https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-cyh.2012.8.150.129-140
Feenstra, R. A., Tormey, S., Casero-Ripollés, A., & Keane, J. (2017). Refiguring democracy: The Spanish political laboratory. Routledge.
Fernández-Planells, A., Feixa, C., & Figueroas-Maz, M. (2013). 15-M en España: Diferencias y Similitudes en las Prácticas Comunicativas con los Movimientos Previos (15-M in Spain: Differences and Similarities in Communication Practices with Previous Social Movements). Última Década, 21(39), 115-138. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22362013000200006
Funke, P. N. & Wolfson, T. (2014). Class in-formation: The intersection of old and new media in contemporary urban social movements. Social Movement Studies, 13(3), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.831755
Fuster, M. (2012). The free culture and 15M movements in Spain: Composition, social networks and synergies. Social Movement Studies, 11(3-4), 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2012.710323
Gamson, W. A. & Wolsfeld, G. (1993). Movements and media as interacting systems. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716293528001009
García–Arranz, A. M. (2014). La opinión publicada sobre el movimiento 15-M. Un análisis empírico de los periódicos digitales españoles: elmundo.es, elpais.com y abc.es (Published Opinions on the 15-M Movement. An Empirical Analysis of Spanish Digital Newspapers: elmundo.es, elpais.com and ABC.es). Palabra Clave, 17(2), 320-352.
García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386
Godoy, C., Casado, I., Ballesteros, L., & Sánchez, M. (2016). La representación visual de los ‘indignados’. Aproximación a un análisis visual sobre la caracterización de los participantes del movimiento 15-M (The visual representation of the ‘indignados’. A visual analysis about the characterization of the participants of the 15-M movement). Nómadas. Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences, 47(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_NOMA.2016.v47.n1.52393
Gutiérrez-Marín, D. (2016). La construcción de la identidad pública del Movimiento 15-M. Una propuesta para la evaluación del impacto mediático (The creation of the public identity of the 15-M Movement. A proposal for the media impact assessment). Ámbitos. Revista internacional de comunicación, (32), 1-14. https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/Ambitos/article/view/10431
Hughes, N. (2011). ‘Young people took to the streets and, all of a sudden, all the political parties got old’: The 15M movement in Spain. Social Movement Studies, 10(4), 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2011.614109
Hunt, K. & Gruszczynski, M. (2021). The influence of new and traditional media coverage on public attention to social movements: the case of the Dakota Access Pipeline protests. Information, Communication & Society, 24(7), 1024-1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1670228
Iranzo, A. & Seguí-Cosme, S. (2015). Counter-framing nonviolent coercion: The case of the escraches by the PAH in the press. In E. Nos, Á. Arévalo, & A. Farné (Eds.), #comunicambio: Comunicación y Sociedad Civil para el Cambio Social (#comunicambio: Communication and Civil Society for Social Change) (pp. 286-296). Fragua.
Jost, J. T., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Langer, M., Metzger, M., Nagler, J., Sterling, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2018). How Social Media Facilitates Political Protest: Information, Motivation, and Social Networks. Political Psychology, 39(S1), 85-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12478
Kilgo, D. K. & Harlow, S. (2019). Protests, Media Coverage, and a Hierarchy of Social Struggle. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(4), 508–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219853517
Mangot, L. (2013). La Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca: De la crisis a la estafa. Del Prozac al empoderamiento (Platform of People Affected by Mortgages: From crisis to fraud. From Prozac to empowerment). Clivatge. Estudis i testimonis sobre el conflicte i el canvi socials, (2), 52-88. https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/clivatge/article/view/10021
Mattoni, A. & Treré, E. (2014). Media practices, mediation processes, and mediatization in the study of social movements. Communication Theory, 24(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12038
McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
McCurdy, P. (2012). Social movements, protest and mainstream media. Sociology Compass, 6(3), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00448.x
McLeod, D. M. & Detenber, B. H. (1999). Framing effects of television news coverage of social protest. Journal of Communication, 49(3), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02802.x
Mediaset Spain (n.d.). Corporate Responsibility Report 2013.
Mena, J. C., Montero Sánchez, D., & Calle Collado, Á. (2018). Discourses and practices of radical democracy: The 15M movement as a space of mobilization. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 11(2), 571–598. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v11i2p571
Micó, J. L. & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2014). Political activism online: Organization and media relations in the case of 15M in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17(7), 858–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.830634
Mundt, M., Ross, K., & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911
Nos, E., Seguí-Cosme, S., & Iranzo, A. (2014). Evaluación e indicadores de eficacia cultural. Un análisis crítico desde los criterios de éxito de la comunicación actual de los movimientos sociales en España: la resonancia cultural en el caso de la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (Evaluation and indicators of cultural effectiveness. A critical analysis from the criteria of success of current communication of social movements in Spain: cultural resonance in the case of the Platform for People Affected by Mortgage). In M. Chaparro (Ed.), Medios de proximidad: participación social y políticas públicas (Proximity media: social participation and public policies) (pp. 401-419). Luces de Gálibo.Promotora de Informaciones S.A. (n.d.). Informe de sostenibilidad 2014 (Sustainability report 2014). http://www.prisa.com/informe-anual-2014/
Robles, J. M., Díez, R., Castromil, A. R., Rodríguez, A., & Cruz, M. (2015). El movimiento 15-m en los medios y en las redes: Un análisis de sus estrategias comunicativas (The 15-m movement in the media and in networks: an analysis of communication strategies). Empiria. Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, (32), 37–62. https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.32.2015.15308
Rohlinger, D. A. (2002). Framing the abortion debate: Organizational resources, media strategies, and movement-countermovement dynamics. The Sociological Quarterly, 43(4), 479–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2002.tb00063.x
Rohlinger, D. A. & Brown, J. (2013). Mass media and institutional change: Organizational reputation, strategy, and outcomes in the academic freedom movement. Mobilization, 18(1), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.18.1.q6h62418323x7858
Romanos, E. & Sádaba, Í. (2016). De la calle a las instituciones a través de las apps: Consecuencias políticas de las prácticas digitales en el 15M (From the street to institutions through the app: Digitally enabled political outcomes of the Spanish Indignados movement). RIS. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 74(4), e048. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2016.74.4.048
Sampedro, V. & Lobera, J. (2014). The Spanish 15-M movement: A consensual dissent? Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 15(1-2), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2014.938466
Smith, J., McCarthy, J., McPhail, C., & Agustyn, B. (2001). From protest to agenda building: Description bias in media coverage of protest events in Washington, D.C. Social Forces, 79(4), 1397–1423. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0053
Taylor, V. & Van Dyke, N. (2004). ‘Get up, stand up’: Tactical repertoires of social movements. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 262–293). Blackwell.
Tilly, C. (1999). From Interactions to Outcomes in Social Movements. In M. Giugni, D. McAdam, & C. Tilly (Eds.), How Social Movements Matter (pp. 253–270). University of Minnesota Press.
Veneti, A., Poulakidakos, S., & Theologou, K. (2012). The Greek indignants through the domestic TV news bulletins. Estudos em Comunicaçao (Communication Studies), 12, 107–134. http://www.ec.ubi.pt/ec/12/pdf/EC12-2012Dez-6.pdf
Vliegenthart, R. & Walgrave, S. (2012). The interdependency of mass media and social movements. In H. A. Semetko & M. Scammel (Eds.), The Sage handbook of political communication (pp. 387–398). Sage Publications.
Weaver, D. A. & Scacco, J. M. (2013). Revisiting the protest paradigm: The Tea Party as filtered through prime-time cable news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212462872
Wong, S. C. & Wright, S. (2020). Hybrid mediation opportunity structure? A case study of Hong Kong’s Anti-National Education Movement. New Media & Society, 22(10), 1741–1762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819879509
Xu, K. (2013). Framing Occupy Wall Street: A Content Analysis of the New York Times and USA Today. International Journal of Communication, 7, 2412–2432.
