Cambios en el periodismo y su impacto en la autonomía profesional: evidencia del estudio The Worlds of Journalism en siete Países de América Latina

Jesús Antonio Arroyave Cabrera; Miguel Garcés-Prettel

doi:10.7764/cdi.54.54055

Autores/as

Jesús Antonio Arroyave Cabrera Universidad del Norte
Miguel Garcés-Prettel Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.54.54055

Palabras clave:

Latinoamérica, autonomía periodística, periodismo, cambios, libertad de prensa, influencias en el periodismo

Resumen

Los debates en torno al futuro del periodismo posibilitaron numerosas investigaciones sobre sus cambios en el nuevo contexto hiperdigitalizado. Sin embargo, se desconoce su impacto en la libertad de prensa, específicamente en la autonomía editorial. Con datos del último The Worlds of Journalism Study 2012-2016, este artículo explora la percepción de 2789 periodistas de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador y México sobre este fenómeno. Mediante la aplicación de un análisis de covarianza SEM, se identificaron cinco factores de cambio percibidos por estos profesionales: la comunicación digital interactiva, la certificación profesional, las consideraciones formativas o normativas, la importancia social del periodismo y las presiones económicas. Respecto de la forma en la que operan estos cambios, la autonomía aumenta cuando se fortalece la percepción sobre la relevancia social del periodismo y el tiempo para investigar y disminuye cuando aumentan las presiones lucrativas. Los hallazgos reafirman la importancia de no perder de vista los valores o cualidades centrales del periodismo, como la autonomía, la responsabilidad social y el profesionalismo que deben mantenerse en estos tiempos de fuertes cambios mediados por las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones.

Biografía del autor/a

Jesús Antonio Arroyave Cabrera, Universidad del Norte

Jesús Antonio Arroyave Cabrera, profesor Titular del Departamento de Comunicación Social, Universidad del Norte. Es Doctor en Comunicación de la Universidad de Miami, Estados Unidos y Master en Comunicación e Información de la Universidad de Rutgers y Magister en Educación de la Universidad Javeriana, Colombia. Sus áreas de interés incluyen estudios de medios y periodismo, comunicación en salud y cambio social e investigación en comunicación en América Latina. Sus investigaciones han sido publicadas en Chasqui, Diálogos de la Comunicación, Signo y Pensamiento, Palabra Clave, Feminist Media Studies y Journalism Studies.

Miguel Garcés-Prettel, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar

Miguel Garcés Prettel, Doctor en Comunicación. Sus intereses investigativos están relacionados con periodismo, tecnología educativa y comunicación para el desarrollo y la salud. Ha publicado sus investigaciones en revistas científicas de alto impacto en el campo de la comunicación social. Labora como profesor asociado en la Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar (Colombia). Apoya como par evaluador del Ministerio de Ciencias de Colombia en proyectos de investigación y como par académico del Ministerio de Educación en la evaluación de condiciones de calidad de programas de pregrado, maestría y doctorados.

Citas

Arroyave, J. & Barrios, M. (2012). Journalists in Colombia. In D. Weaver & L. Willnat (Eds.), Global Journalist in the 21st Century (pp. 343-347). Routledge.

Arroyave, J. & Romero-Moreno, J. (2022). Peace, public opinion and disinformation in Colombia: Social media and its role in the 2016 plebiscite. In J. McDougall & K. Fowler- Watt (Eds), Palgrave Handbook of Media Misinformation (pp. 63-77). Palgrave Macmillan.

Becerra, M. & Mastrini, G. (2017). Concentración y convergencia de medios en América Latina (Media concentration and convergence in Latin America). Communiquer. Revue de communication sociale et publique, (20), 104–120. https://doi.org/10.4000/communiquer.2277

Bell, E. J., Owen, T., Brown, P. D., Hauka, C., & Rashidian, N. (2017). The Platform Press: How Silicon Valley Reengineered Journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8R216ZZ

Brandstetter, B. & Schmalhofer, J. (2014). Paid Content. A successful revenue model for publishing houses in Germany? Journalism Practice, 8(5), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.895519

Carson, M. & Lewis. S. C. (2015). Boundaries of Journalism. Routledge.

Davidson, R. & Meyers, O. (2016). “Should I Stay or Should I Go?”. Exit, voice and loyalty among journalists. Journalism Studies, 17(5), 590–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.988996

Demers, D. (1994). Effect of Organizational Size on Job Satisfaction of Top Editors at U.S. Dailies. Journalism Quarterly, 71(4), 914–925. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909407100415

Deuze, M. (2017). Considering a possible future for Digital Journalism. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/ Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 8(1), 9-18. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2017.8.1.1

De Vuyst, S. (2017). Shifting gender gaps in journalism? A longitudinal study on gender segregation in a converging media environment. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 9(2), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.9.2.249_1

Ekdale, B., Tully, M., Harmsen, S., & Singer, J. B. (2015). Newswork Within a Culture of Job Insecurity. Producing news amidst organizational and industry uncertainty. Journalism Practice, 9(3), 383-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.963376

Edgerly, S. & Vraga, E. K. (2020). Deciding What’s News: News-ness As an Audience Concept for the Hybrid Media Environment. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(2), 416–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020916808

Freedom House (2017). Freedom of the Press 2017. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP_2017_booklet_FINAL_April28.pdf

Garcés Prettel, M. & Arroyave Cabrera, J. (2017). Riesgos de seguridad y autonomía profesional de los periodistas en Colombia (Security risks and professional autonomy of Colombian journalists). Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 25(49), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2549-002-2017

González-Macías, R. A., & Cepeda-Robledo, D. A. (2021). Trabajar por amor al arte:precariedad laboral como forma de violencia contra los periodistas en México (Working for the love of art:labour precariousnessas a form of violence against journalists in Mexico). Global Media Journal México, 18(34), 209-228. https://doi.org/10.29105/gmjmx18.34-10

Greene González, F. (2016). Medios online chilenos: diferencias en algunas prácticas periodísticas respecto de los medios escritos tradicionales (Chilean online media: differences in some journalistic practices over traditional print media). Revista de Comunicación, (15), 34-47.https://revistadecomunicacion.com/es/articulos/2016/2_Art034-047.html

Grieco, E. (2020, April 20). U.S. Newspapers Have Shed Half of Their Newsroom Employees Since 2008. Editor and Publisher.https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/usnewspapers-have-shed-half-of-their-newsroom-employees-since-2008,960?

Gronemeyer, M. E. (2002). Periodistas chilenos: El reto de formar profesionales autónomos e independientes (Chilean journalists: The challenge of training autonomous and independent professionals). Cuadernos.Info, (15), 53-70. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.15.174

Guerrero M. A. & Márquez-Ramírez, M. (2014). Media Systems and Communication Policies in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan.

Hamada, B. I. (2022) Determinants of Journalists’ Autonomy and Safety: Evidence from the Worlds of Journalism Study. Journalism Practice, 16(8), 1715-1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1871861

Hanitzsch, T., Anikina, M., Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., Coman, M., Hamada, S., Hanusch, F., Karadjov, C. D., Mellado, C., Moreira, S. V., Mwesige, P. G., Plaisance, P. L., Reich, Z., Seethaler, J., Skewes, E. A., Noor, D. V., & Yuen, K. W. (2010). Modeling Perceived Influences on Journalism: Evidence from a Cross-National Survey of Journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990100870010

Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Ramaprasad, J., & de Beer, A. (2019). Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe. Columbia University Press.

Hanitzsch, T. & Mellado, C. (2011). What Shapes the News around the World? How Journalists in Eighteen Countries Perceive Influences on Their Work. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(3), 404–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211407334

Harlow, S. & Salaverría, R. (2016). Regenerating Journalism. Exploring the “alternativeness” and “digital-ness” of online-native media in Latin America. Digital Journalism, 4(8), 1001–1019.

https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1135752

Higgins Joyce, V. D. (2018). Independent Voices of Entrepreneurial News: Setting a New Agenda in Latin America. Palabra Clave, 21(3), 710–739. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2018.21.3.4

Hughes, S., Garcés, M., Márquez, M., & Arroyave, J. (2017). Rethinking professional autonomy: Autonomy to develop and to publish news in Mexico and Colombia. Journalism, 18(8), 956-976. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916659409

Humprecht, E. (2020). How Do They Debunk “Fake News”? A Cross-National Comparison of Transparency in Fact Checks. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1691031

Johnson, B. G. & Kelling, K. (2018) Placing Facebook. “Trending,” “Napalm Girl,” “fake news” and journalistic boundary work. Journalism Practice, 12(7), 817-833. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1349546

Kemp, S. (2020, January 30). Digital 2020: Global Digital Overview. Data Reportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-global-digital-overview

Lugo-Ocando, J. (Ed.). (2008). The Media in Latin America. Open University Press.

McDevitt, M. (2003). In defense of autonomy: A critique of the public journalism critique. Journal of Communication, 53(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03011.x

Mellado, C. (2012). Major Trends of Journalist Studies in Latin America: A Meta-Analysis of Five Decades of Research. In D. H. Weaver & L. Willnat (Eds.), The Global Journalist in the 21st Century (pp. 413–426). Routledge.

Mellado, C. (2014). Professional Roles in News Content. Six dimensions of journalistic role performance. Journalism Studies, 16(4), 596-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.922276

Mellado, C., Georgiou, M., & Nah, S. (2020). Advancing Journalism and Communication Research: New Concepts, Theories, and Pathways. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020917204

Mellado, C. & Humanes, M. L. (2012). Modeling perceived professional autonomy in Chilean journalism. Journalism, 13(8), 985–1003. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912442294

Meyers, O. & Davidson, R. (2014). The journalistic structure of feeling: An exploration of career life histories of Israeli journalists. Journalism, 15(8), 987–1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913512930

Mor, N. & Reich, Z. (2018). From “Trust Me” to “Show Me” Journalism. Can DocumentCloud help to restore the deteriorating credibility of news? Journalism Practice, 12(9), 1091–1108. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1376593

Odriozola-Chéné, J., Gutiérrez-Atala, F., Domínguez-Panamá, J. J., & Pérez-Arozamena, R. (2019). Las relaciones de las influencias en los procesos de producción informativa y sus efectos en la calidad periodística. Una visión desde Latinoamérica (The relations of influences in the processes of newsmaking and its effects on journalistic quality. A vision from Latin America). Cuadernos.Info, (44), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1297

Örnebring, H. (2009). The Two Professionalisms of Journalism: Journalism and the Changing Context of Work. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

Reich, Z. & Hanitzsch, T. (2013). Determinants of Journalists’ Professional Autonomy: Individual and National Level Factors Matter More Than Organizational Ones. Mass Communication and Society, 16(1), 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2012.669002

Reuters Institute (2021). Digital News Report 2021. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021

Rockwell, R. & Janus, N. (2002) The politics of coercion: Advertising, media, and state power in Central America. Journalism, 3(3), 331–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490200300303

Rosas-Moreno, T. C. & Higgins Joyce, V. d. M. (2019). Latin and South American journalism. In T. P. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies (pp. 1-13). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0172

Russomanno, J. (2008). Freedom of the Press, Concept of. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecf046

Salaverría, R. (2016). Ciberperiodismo en Iberoamérica (Cyberjournalism in Ibero-America). Fundación Telefónica.

Salaverría, R. & Lima-Santos, M. F. (Eds.). (2021). Journalism, Data and Technology in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan.

Saldaña, M. & Morao, R. (2018). Reporting in Latin America: Issues and Perspectives on Investigative Journalism in the Region. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(3), 299 323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218782397

Schmitz Weiss, A. (2015). The digital and social media journalist: A comparative analysis of journalists in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The International Communication Gazette, 77(1), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048514556985

Schlesinger, P. & Doyle, G. (2015). From organizational crisis to multi-platform salvation? Creative destruction and the recomposition of news media. Journalism, 16(3), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914530223

Siles, I. & Boczkowski, P. J. (2012). Making sense of the newspaper crisis: A critical assessment of existing research and an agenda for future work. New Media & Society, 14(8), 1375-1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812455148

Splichal, S. & Sparks, C. (1994). Journalists for the 21st Century. Tendencies of Professionalization among First-Year Students in 22 Countries. Ablex Pub.

Stamm K. & Underwood, D. (1993) The Relationship of Job Satisfaction to Newsroom Policy Changes. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 70(3), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909307000

Suárez Villegas, J. C. & Cruz Álvarez, J. (2016). Los dilemas deontológicos del uso de las redes sociales como fuentes de información. Análisis de la opinión de los periodistas de tres países (The ethical dilemmas of using social networks as information sources. Analysis of the opinion of journalists from three countries). Revista Latina De Comunicación Social, 71, 66-84. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1084

Suenzo, F., Boczkowski, P. J., & Mitchelstein, E. (2020). La crisis de la prensa escrita: una Revisión bibliográfica para repensarla desde Latinoamérica (The crisis of the written press: A bibliographical review to rethink it from Latin America). Cuadernos.Info, (47), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.47.1867

Thurman, N. & Fletcher, R. (2019). Has Digital Distribution Rejuvenated Readership? Revisiting the age demographics of newspaper consumption. Journalism Studies, 20(4), 542–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1397532

Voakes, P. S. (1997). Social influences on journalists’ decision making in ethical situations. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 12(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1201_2

Wardle, C. & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward and interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe. https://edoc.coe.int/en/ media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-forresearch-and-policy-making.html

Waisbord, S. (2013). Reinventing Professionalism. John Wiley & Sons.

Waisbord, S. (2019). The vulnerabilities of journalism. Journalism, 20(1), 210-213. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464884918809283

Weaver D. H., Beam, R. A., Brownlee B. J., Voakes, P. S., & Wilhoit, G. C. (2006). The American Journalist in the 21st Century. US News People at the Dawn of a New Millennium. Routledge.

Weaver, D. H. & Wilhoit, C. G. (1986). The American Journalist: A Portrait of U.S. News People and Their Work. Indiana University Press.

Worlds of Journalism. (2012). Field Manual. Instructions for Field Research. https://worldsofjournalism.org/wojwordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Field_Manual_1.3-1.pdf