Proximidad, territorio e innovación
Una aproximación crítica desde categorías ausentes: escalaridad, estructuración social y periferia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022021000300187Palabras clave:
sistemas productivos locales, espacio relacional, espacio social, producción del espacio, histórico-estructuralResumen
Desde mediados de la década de 1980 hasta la actualidad, diversas intervenciones pusieron en foco las relaciones entre proximidad, territorio e innovación. El debate se estructuró en torno a dos preguntas subyacentes: ¿qué liga a la sociedad con el espacio geográfico?, y ¿cuáles son las razones que definen su desempeño económico? En este trabajo se ofrece una interpretación del debate, mostrando las principales hipótesis en juego, las limitaciones que enfrentaron y las líneas de investigación que se abren a partir de allí. Se argumentará que las ideas en pugna oscilaron entre el enfoque marginalista y el relacional y que la creciente importancia y autonomía asignada a las instituciones favoreció el predominio del segundo sobre el primero. Se observa también que los fundamentos relacionales, al precisarse y ganar centralidad, pusieron en evidencia sus principales limitaciones. Las mismas se expresaron, primero, en una desconexión estructural entre la sociedad y el espacio geográfico, que luego se extiende a la incapacidad de definir las bases del desempeño económico relativo, la escalaridad de los sistemas de producción, sus divisiones sociales internas y la estructuración centro-periferia del sistema mundial. El artículo concluye con un balance de la agenda de investigaciones en base a las apreciaciones realizadas.Citas
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