#MeToo en Portugal: un análisis temático del movimiento a través de artículos de opinión

Carla Cerqueira; Célia Taborda; Ana Sofia  Pereira

doi:10.7764/cdi.55.57013

Autores/as

Carla Cerqueira Universidad Lusófona, CICANT, Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6767-3793
Célia Taborda Universidad Lusófona, CICANT, Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-2480
Ana Sofia Pereira Universidad Lusófona, CICANT, Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-0205

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.55.57013

Palabras clave:

#MeToo, feminismos, Portugal, media, opinião

Resumen

O #MeToo é um dos movimentos feministas impulsionado pelo digital e com expressão glocal. Tornado viral através do Twitter, rapidamente ganhou visibilidade nos media tradicionais trazendo para a esfera pública a discussão de temas associados ao assédio e violência sexual. Tomando como ponto de partida a expressão pública nos media tradicionais do movimento #MeToo em Portugal entre 2017 e 2022, e com base numa metodologia qualitativa ancorada numa análise temática de 91 artigos de opinião dos jornais Expresso e Público, este artigo visa conhecer as especificidades do contexto português em torno das questões que envolvem o #MeToo e analisar as temáticas que foram evidenciadas nestes espaços. Ressalta-se o surgimento de três grandes temáticas: Assédio e Violência Sexual; Questionamento da (re)vitimização e normalização; Ambivalência dos feminismos no movimento #MeToo. Dos resultados, destaca-se a existência de discursos paradoxais sobre o movimento, os quais, por um lado, contribuem para a sua descredibilização, e, por outro, funcionam como motores para a consciencialização pública em torno das questões da violência e do assédio. Concluímos que os artigos de opinião têm o poder de influência tanto na cristalização de determinadas posições, como na mudança de atitudes e comportamentos da esfera pública, sendo estes promovidos pela autoridade e legitimidade de quem faz opinião nos jornais e tem a capacidade para tematizar o espaço público.

Biografía del autor/a

Carla Cerqueira, Universidad Lusófona, CICANT, Porto, Portugal

Carla Cerqueira, Ph.D. in Communication Sciences from the Universidad do Minho (2012), is an associate professor at the Universidad Lusófona and researcher at CICANT. She researches on gender, feminisms, activisms, intersectionality, media, and communication. She has published in national and international journals and books, participated in conferences and research and action projects. She is currently lead researcher of the projects FEMglocal - Movimientos feministas glocales: interacciones y contradicciones (FEMglocal - Glocal Feminist Movements: Interactions and Contradictions) (PTDC/COM-CSS/4049/2021) and Voces en Red (Network voices) (COFAC/ILIND/CICANT/1/2021).

Célia Taborda, Universidad Lusófona, CICANT, Porto, Portugal

Célia Taborda Silva, Ph.D. in Contemporary History from the Faculty of Letters of the Universidad de Porto. She is an associate professor at the Universidade Lusófona and researcher at CICANT. She researches on contemporary history, social movements, and feminism. Author of books, book chapters, and several articles in national and international journals, she has participated in several conferences and integrated the organization of events. She is currently co-lead researcher of the project FEMglocal - Movimientos feministas glocales: interacciones y contradicciones (FEMglocal - Glocal Feminist Movements: Interactions and Contradictions) (PTDC/COM-CSS/4049/2021).

Ana Sofia Pereira, Universidad Lusófona, CICANT, Porto, Portugal

Ana Sofia Pereira, postdoctoral fellow in the project FEMglocal - Movimientos feministas glocales: interacciones y contradicciones (FEMglocal - Glocal Feminist Movements: interactions and contradictions) (PTDC/COM-CSS/4049/2021), holds a Ph.D. in Communication Sciences (specialization in Cinema, Screenwriting) from the Universidad Nova, Lisbon, with a stay at the University of Reading (2020). She is a professor of higher education, researcher in CICANT, screenwriter, and script doctor; she obtained ICA’s support in 2020 and 2022. She researches on gender studies, cinema, digital communication, and inclusion.

Citas

Alcoff, L. M. (2018). Rape and Resistance. John Wiley & Sons.

Alczuk, M. ., Munaretto, M., & Consalter, Z. (2022). A revitimização midiática e o direito ao esquecimento como ferramenta de proteção das mulheres vítimas de violência de gênero (Mediatic revictimization and the right to be forgotten as a tool of protection for women who suffered gender violence). Revista RIOS - Revista Científica Do Centro Universitário Do Rio São Francisco, 17(33), 193–213. https://www.publicacoes.unirios.edu.br/index.php/ revistarios/article/view/9/9

Almeida, S. L. (2019). O potencial comunicativo do movimento social do #metoo no jornalismo de referência português: Estudo de caso do jornal Público nos anos de 2017 e 2018 (The communicative potential of the #metoo social movement in Portuguese journalism of reference: A case study of Público newspaper in the years 2017 and 2018) (Master’s dissertation, ISCTE – IUL). http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19387

Armañanzas, E. & Noci, J. D. (1996). Periodismo y argumentación: Géneros de opinión (Journalism and argument: Opinion genres). Servicio Editorial Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.

Askanius, T. & Hartley, J. M. (2019). Framing Gender Justice. Nordicom Review, 40(2), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2019-0022

Baker, A. & Manchanda Rodrigues, U. (Eds.). (2022). Reporting on Sexual Violence in the #MeToo Era. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003220411

Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). Empowered. Popular Feminism and Popular Mmisogyny. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478002772

Berns, N. S. (2017). Framing the Victim: Domestic Violence, Media, and Social Problems. Routledge.

Bizarro, C. (2021, May 26). A opinião pública e a denúncia (Public opinion and reporting). Público. https://www.publico.pt/2021/05/26/p3/cronica/opiniao-publica-denuncia-1963994

Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine Domination. Stanford University Press.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and support for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(2), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.38.2.217

Cerqueira, C. (2015). As estratégias de comunicaçã o das ONGs de cidadania, igualdade de género e/ou feministas: Interconexões entre media mainstream e media sociais (The communication strategies of citizenship NGOs, gender and/or feminist equality: Interconnections between mainstream media and social media). In G. Gonçalves & F. F. Lisboa (Eds.), Novos media e novos públicos (vol. III) (New media and new audiences) (pp. 45–62). Labcom.

Cerqueira, C. & Silva, C. T. (2022). Challenges of the Intergenerational Feminist Movement(s): Some Reflections. In Q. Gao & J. Zhou (Eds.), Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population Design, Interaction and Technology (pp.265-275). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05581-2_20

Chamberlain, P. (2017). The Feminist Fourth Wave: Affective Temporality. Palgrave Macmillan. Chattopadhyay, P. (2018, January 26). “It concerns me greatly”: Have #MeToo and modern feminism gone too far? CBC Radio. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/outintheopen/that-f-word-1.4494880/itconcerns-me-greatly-have-metoo-and-modern-feminism-gone-too-far-1.4494938

Clark-Parsons, R. (2021). “I see you, I believe you, I stand with you”: #MeToo and the performance of networked feminist visibility. Feminist Media Studies, 21(3), 362–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1628797

Código do Trabalho. (CT). Lei n°.99 de 2003. 24°. 27 de agosto de 2003 (Portugal).

Código do Trabalho. (CT). Lei n°.7 de 2009. 29°. 12 de fevereiro de 2009 (Portugal).

Cosme Pinto, P. (2019, April 2). Uma repórter ser beijada à força num direto televisivo é motivo para rir? (Is a reporter being kissed by force on live television a reason to laugh?). Expresso. https://expresso.pt/blogues/bloguet_lifestyle/Avidadesaltosaltos/2019-04-02-Uma-reporter-ser-beijada-a-forca-num-direto-televisivo-e-motivo-para-rir-

Cosme Pinto, P. (2021, May 5). #MeToo. Queriam nomes? E agora, de que lado estão? (#MeToo. You wanted names? Now what, whose side are you on?). Expresso. https://expresso.pt/blogues/bloguet_lifestyle/Avidadesaltosaltos/2021-05-05-MeToo.-Queriam-nomes--Eagora-de-que-lado-estao--d92ac206

Cott, N. F. (1987). The grounding of modern feminism. Yale University Press.

De Benedictis, S., Orgad, S., & Rottenberg, C. (2019). #MeToo, popular feminism and the news: A content analysis of UK newspaper coverage. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(5–6), 718–738. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549419856831

Dietz, M. G. (2003). Current controversies in feminist theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 6, 399–431. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085635

Evans, A. (2018). #MeToo: A Study on Sexual Assault as Reported in the New York Times. Occam’s Razor, 8(1), 10–17. https://cedar.wwu.edu/orwwu/vol8/iss1/3

Figueiras, R. (2005, September 8-9). Os comentadores na imprensa de referência portuguesa: 1980-1999 (Commentators in the Portuguese press of reference: 1980-1999) (Conference Presentation). NP02 Jornalismo do V Encontro dos Núcleos de Pesquisa da Intercom, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. http://www.intercom.org.br/papers/nacionais/2005/resumos/r1239-1.pdf

Fileborn, B. & Loney-Howes, R. (2019). Introduction: Mapping the Emergence of #MeToo. In B. Fileborn & R. Loney-Howes (Eds.), #MeToo and the politics of social change (pp. 1–18). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_1

Garraio, J., Santos, S. J., Amaral, I., & Carvalho, A. de S. (2020). The Unimaginable Rapist and the Backlash Against #MeToo in Portugal. EuropeNow. https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/03/09/the-unimaginable-rapist-and-the-backlash-against-metoo-in-portugal/

Gomis, L. (1991). Teoría del periodismo: Cómo se forma el presente (Journalism theory: How the present is shaped). Paidós Ibérica Ediciones S A.

Gouveia, C. A. M. (2022, May 23). Assédio, poder e sistemas de oportunidade (Harassment, power and opportunity systems). Público. https://www.publico.pt/2022/05/23/opiniao/ opiniao/assedio-sistemas-oportunidade-2007200

Guest, G., MacQueen, K., & Namey, E. (2012). Applied Thematic Analysis. SAGE. Haraway, D. (1991). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066

Hillstrom, L. C. (2019). The #Me Too Movement. ABC-Clio.

Kipnis, L. (2018, January 13). Has #MeToo gone too far, or not far enough? The answer is both. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/13/has-me-too-catherine-deneuve-laura-kipnis

Kitzinger, J. (2000). Media templates: Patterns of association and the (re)construction of meaning over time. Media, Culture & Society, 22(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344300022001004

Kligler-Vilenchik, N., Tsfati, Y., & Meyers, O. (2014). Setting the collective memory agenda: Examining mainstream media influence on individuals’ perceptions of the past. Memory Studies, 7(4), 484–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698014523443

Lindqvist, L. & Ganetz, H. (2020). Brave women sound the alarm – representations of men and women in the Swedish media coverage of #MeToo. Journalistica, 1(4), 14–46. https://doi.org/10.7146/journalistica.v14i1.123510

Lloyd, M. & Ramon, S. (2017). Smoke and Mirrors: U.K. Newspaper Representations of Intimate Partner Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women, 23(1), 114–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216634468

Loney-Howes, R. (2019). The Politics of the Personal: The Evolution of Anti-rape Activism from Second-Wave feminism to #MeToo. In B. Fileborn & R. Loney-Howes (Eds.), #MeToo and the Politics of Social Change (pp. 21–35). Palgrave Macmillan.

Loney-Howes, R., Mendes, K., Fernández Romero, D., Fileborn, B., & Núñez Puente, S. (2021). Digital footprints of #MeToo. Feminist Media Studies, 22(6), 1345–1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1886142

Luppi, B. (2021). O Movimento #MeToo como estratégia de comunicação global de mulheres vítimas de assédio sexual (The #MeToo movement as a global communication strategy for women victims of sexual harassment) (Master’s Dissertation, UBI). http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/11961

Magalhães, V. (2021). O movimento #MeToo: Argumentação, enviesamento e negação polémica (The #MeToo movement: Argumentation, bias, and controversial denial). Language and Law / Linguagem e Direito, 8(2), 86–103. https://doi.org/10.21747/21833745/lanlaw8_2a5

Marques, M. J. (2021, May 5). Curiosas (e sintomáticas) reações ao Me Too português (Curious (and symptomatic) reactions to the Portuguese Me Too). Público. https://www.publico.pt/2021/05/05/opiniao/noticia/curiosas-sintomaticas-reacoestoo-portugues-1961195

Melo, J. M. (1985). A opinião no jornalismo brasileiro (Opinion in Brazilian journalism). Vozes.

Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., & Keller, J. (2018). #MeToo and the promise and pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(2), 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506818765318

Meyers, M. (1996). News Coverage of Violence Against Women: Engendering Blame. SAGE.

Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A Fourth Wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12021

Nilsson, B., & Lundgren, A. S. (2020). The #MeToo Movement: Men and Masculinity in Swedish News Media. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 29(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060826520913613

Offen, K. (2008). Erupções e fluxos: Reflexões sobre a escrita de uma história comparada dos feminismos europeus, 1700-1950 (Eruptions and flows: Reflections on writing a comparative history of European feminisms, 1700-1950). In A. Cova (Dir.), História Comparada das Mulheres (Compared history of women) (pp. 29–45). Livros Horizonte.

Oliveira, A. (2022). Assédio: Aproximações sociojurídicas à sexualidade (Harassment: Sociojuridical approaches to sexuality). Imprensa de História Contemporânea.

Pacheco Pereira, J. (2019, April 6). Porque é que o #MeToo e suas variantes são reaccionários e puritanos (Why are #MeToo and its variants reactionary and puritanical). Público. https://www.publico.pt/2019/04/06/mundo/opiniao/ruido-mundo-1868152

Pineda, A., Bellido-Pérez, E., & Sánchez-Gutiérrez, B. (2020). Expanding ideologies in the press: Feminist and LGBT-related issues in Spanish online-only opinion journalism. Feminist Media Studies, 22(1), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1808503

Prata, A. (2021). Caught in the wave. Sexual harassment, sexual violence, and the #MeToo movement in Portugal. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, 29(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v29i2.124895

Raposo, H. (2021, June 8). Porque é que os touros têm mais atenção do que as meninas que sofrem excisão genital? (Why do bulls get more attention than girls who undergo genital excision?). Expresso. https://expresso.pt/opiniao/2021-06-08-Porque-e-que-os-tourostem-mais-atencao-do-que-as-meninas-que-sofrem-excisao-genital--c5df7623

Romito, P. (2008). A deafening silence: Hidden violence against women and children. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781847422880

Rodríguez, M. P., & Pérez Tirado, I. (2020). Resistències als avenços del feminisme en articles d’opinió en la premsa basca (Resistances to the advances of feminism in opinion articles of the Basque press). Anàlisi: Quaderns de Comunicació i Cultura, núm. extraordinari 2020, 85-98. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/analisi.3252

Royal, K. (2019). Journalist Guidelines and Media Reporting in the Wake of #MeToo. In B. Fileborn & R. Loney-Howes (Eds.), #MeToo and the Politics of Social Change (pp. 217–234). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_14

Seear, K. & Fraser, S. (2022). Making Australian institutions in newspaper coverage of the #MeToo movement: Exceptionalism, co-production and agency. Feminist Media Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.2010788

Santos, S. J., Garraio, J., Carvalho, A. d. S., & Amaral, I. (2022). A space to resist rape myths? Journalism, patriarchy and sexual violence. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 29(2), 289-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068211048465

Silveirinha, M. J., Simões, R. B., & Santos, T. (2020). Him too? Cristiano Ronaldo and the News Coverage of a Rape Case Allegation. Journalism Practice, 14(2), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1693279

Soucie, S. M. A., Parry, D. C., & Cousineau, L. S. (2018). The fourth wave: What #MeToo can teach us about millennial mobilization, intersectionality, and men’s accountability. In D. Parry (Ed.), Feminisms in Leisure Studies: Advancing a Fourth Wave (pp. 149-164). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108476

Starkey, J. C., Koerber, A., Sternadori, M., & Pitchford, B. (2019). #MeToo Goes Global: Media Framing of Silence Breakers in Four National Settings. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 43(4), 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859919865254

Sutherland, G., McCormack, A., Pirkis, J., Easteal, P., Holland, K., & Vaughan, C. (2015). Media representations of violence against women and their children: State of knowledge paper. ANROWS Landscapes, (15). https://apo.org.au/node/58986

Sweeny, J. (2020). The #MeToo Movement in Comparative Perspective. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law, 29(1), 33-78. https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/jgspl/vol29/iss1/2/

Tabada, M. T. A. Q. (2022). “Gendered space”: A study of newspaper opinion journalism as emergent and oppositional to the dominant culture in journalism. Plaridel, 19(1), 27-53. https://doi.org/10.52518/2022.19.1-01tbada

Tavares, M. (2011). Feminismos: percursos e desafios (1947-2007) (Feminisms: Paths and challenges (1947-2007). Texto.

Tender, H. (2018, September 28). O mito das falsas denúncias de crimes sexuais (The myth of false reporting of sexual crimes). Público. https://www.publico.pt/2018/09/28/p3/cronica/o-mito-das-falsas-denuncias-de-crimes-sexuais-1845519

Torres, A., Costa, D., Sant’Ana, H., Coelho, B., & Sousa, I (2016). Assédio sexual e moral no local de trabalho (Sexual and moral harassment in the workplace). CITE.

Varela, R. & Lopes, T. R. (2018, October 9). Luta de sexos, o novo feminismo (Battle of the sexes, the new feminism). Público. https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/09/sociedade/opiniao/luta-de-sexos-o-novo-feminismo-1846558

Vargas, N. A. (1999). Periodismo de opinión: Claves de la retórica periodística (Opinion journalism: keys to journalistic rhetoric). Editorial Síntesis.

Van Bauwel, S. & Krijnen, T. (2021). Contemporary Research on Gender and Media: It’s All Political. Media and Communication, 9(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.3997

Wahl‐jorgensen, K. (2004). Playground of the pundits or voice of the people? Comparing British and Danish opinion pages. Journalism Studies, 5(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000174747

Zippel, K. S. (2006). The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany. Cambridge University Press.